English for people applying for visas or moving abroad
Immigration & Visas Vocabulary: 100 Key English Terms
Applying for a visa or moving abroad means reading forms, checklists and official letters in English and answering questions at appointments and at the border. This glossary explains the words you will meet from your first application to renting a flat in a new country, each with examples from real situations. It explains vocabulary only; for the rules of any country, always check its official government sources.
100 terms
12 topics
64 core terms
201 example sentences
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No account needed. Read the meaning, see where the term is used, then study the examples. Click any word in the lesson for help. You can also select a word and press Alt + Enter.
Migration Basics
immigration
noun
Meaning
The act of coming to live in a foreign country, and also the system of laws, offices and checks that controls who may enter and stay.
Where you use it
Used in many compounds: immigration rules, immigration status, immigration officer, immigration lawyer. At airports, "going through immigration" means passing the passport check. Government departments are often named after it, such as Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada.
Examples
It took us about forty minutes to get through immigration at Heathrow.
The company's HR team handles all immigration paperwork for new hires from abroad.
Usage note
Immigration is coming into a country; emigration is leaving your own country to live somewhere else. The same move is emigration for Türkiye and immigration for the new country.
Common phrases
immigration rules · immigration status · go through immigration · immigration authorities · immigration paperwork
A person who has come to live permanently or for a long time in a country that is not their country of birth.
Where you use it
Used in official statistics, news and everyday speech: first-generation immigrants, immigrant communities, immigrant workers. From the point of view of the new country you are an immigrant; from your home country's point of view you are an emigrant.
Examples
My grandparents were immigrants who arrived in Germany in the 1960s.
The city has a large immigrant community from Türkiye and the Balkans.
Common phrases
immigrant community · first-generation immigrant · new immigrants · immigrant workers
To leave your own country in order to live permanently in another one.
Where you use it
Followed by to (emigrate to Canada) or from (emigrate from Türkiye). The noun is emigration and the person is an emigrant. In everyday speech people often just say move abroad or move to another country.
Examples
They emigrated to Australia when their children were still small.
More young professionals are thinking about emigrating for work.
Usage note
Emigrate looks at leaving, immigrate looks at arriving. Do not confuse emigrate with immigrate, or emigrant with immigrant.
Common phrases
emigrate to · emigrate from · decide to emigrate · emigration rates
A person who moves from one place to another, inside a country or across borders, usually to find work or better living conditions.
Where you use it
A broad, general word used by international organisations, researchers and the media. It covers economic migrants, migrant workers and seasonal migrants. Refugees are a separate legal category with special protection, so careful writers do not use the two words as synonyms.
Examples
Many migrants send part of their wages home to their families.
The report looks at the working conditions of seasonal migrants in agriculture.
The country where a migrant, refugee, student or foreign worker lives, as opposed to their home country or country of origin.
Where you use it
Common in reports, academic writing and HR relocation documents. The opposite terms are home country, country of origin and country of nationality. Integration into the host country and learning its language are frequent topics.
Examples
Newcomers often find the paperwork of their host country confusing in the first months.
The programme helps students adapt to life in their host country.
Common phrases
host country · home country · country of origin · integrate into the host country
Short for expatriate: a person who lives outside their own country, often for work and often for a limited number of years.
Where you use it
Common in business, HR and everyday conversation: expat package, expat community, expat forum. The word is mostly used for professionals, while people in other jobs may be called migrants or immigrants, so some writers prefer neutral terms such as international residents.
Examples
There's a large expat community in Dubai, so it was easy to make friends.
Her company offered an expat package that included housing and school fees.
Common phrases
expat community · expat package · expat life · fellow expats
Official permission from a country that allows a foreign citizen to enter, stay in or pass through it for a particular purpose and period.
Where you use it
The most basic word in the field. You apply for a visa, and the authorities issue, grant or refuse it. A visa is often a sticker in your passport, but more and more countries issue digital ones. Types are named by purpose: tourist, student, work or transit visa.
Examples
I need a visa to attend the conference in London next spring.
Her visa was issued for six months, so she can stay until the end of the course.
We applied for our visas three months before the trip.
Usage note
Turkish speakers sometimes say vize in English by mistake. The English word is visa, pronounced VEE-zuh, and the plural is visas.
Common phrases
apply for a visa · issue a visa · grant a visa · visa requirements · visa holder
A short-stay visa for holidays, sightseeing or visiting friends and family, which does not allow you to work in the country.
Where you use it
Some countries call it a visitor visa or visit visa, and in the United States most tourists travel on a B-2 visa. Applicants usually show a travel plan, enough money and reasons to return home. Working on a tourist visa is normally not allowed.
Examples
My parents are applying for a tourist visa to spend the summer with us.
You can't accept paid work while you're here on a tourist visa.
Common phrases
apply for a tourist visa · on a tourist visa · visitor visa · short-stay visa
Allowing you to travel to a country without getting a visa first, usually for a short stay such as tourism or business meetings.
Where you use it
Used in visa-free travel, visa-free entry and visa-free countries, and as an adverb: travel visa-free. Visa-free stays still have time limits and rules, and some countries ask visa-free visitors for an online travel authorisation before departure.
Examples
We chose a visa-free destination because there was no time to apply for a visa.
Visa-free entry is limited to 90 days, so you can't stay for the whole year.
A short-stay visa for the Schengen Area, a group of European countries that have removed regular passport checks at their shared borders.
Where you use it
It usually allows stays of up to 90 days in any 180-day period. You normally apply to the country of your main destination, or to the country you enter first if there is no main destination. People talk about single-entry and multiple-entry Schengen visas.
Examples
I'm applying for a Schengen visa through the Italian consulate because I'll spend most of my trip in Rome.
With a Schengen visa you can travel from France to Spain without another passport check.
Usage note
Schengen is the name of the village in Luxembourg where the first agreement was signed. It is pronounced SHENG-en.
Common phrases
apply for a Schengen visa · Schengen Area · 90/180 rule · multiple-entry Schengen visa
A visa that lets you enter and leave a country as many times as you like while it is valid, as long as you follow the limits on length of stay.
Where you use it
The opposite is a single-entry visa, which ends once you leave the country. Visa stickers show the number of entries as 1, 2 or MULT. Frequent business travellers and people with family abroad often ask for a multiple-entry visa.
Examples
The consulate gave me a two-year multiple-entry visa because of my travel history.
Check whether your visa is single-entry or multiple-entry before you plan a side trip.
Common phrases
multiple-entry visa · single-entry visa · number of entries · double-entry visa
A visa that some travellers need just to pass through a country on the way to another one, for example when changing planes.
Where you use it
Rules depend on your nationality, the airport and whether you leave the international transit area. An airport transit visa covers only the transit zone. Travel agents remind clients to check the transit rules of every country on the route.
Examples
I didn't realise I needed a transit visa for a four-hour layover in London.
If you stay in the international transit area, you may not need a transit visa.
Common phrases
airport transit visa · need a transit visa · transit area · transit through
A short-stay visa for business activities such as meetings, conferences, negotiations or training, which normally does not allow local employment.
Where you use it
Applicants usually include an invitation letter from the host company and a letter from their employer confirming the trip. Attending meetings is usually fine on a business visa, but doing paid work for a local company usually needs a work visa.
Examples
Our client in Hamburg sent an invitation letter for my business visa.
A business visa lets you attend the trade fair, but not take a job there.
Usage note
Turkish iş vizesi is used for both ideas. In English, a business visa is for visits and a work visa is for employment.
Common phrases
apply for a business visa · business trip · letter from your employer · business visitor
A visa that you apply for, pay for and receive online, without visiting an embassy, and that is linked to your passport electronically.
Where you use it
Usually a quick process for short visits. Travellers often print the approval or keep it on their phone in case the airline or border officer asks for it. E-visas are issued through official government websites, while many unofficial sites offer the same service for an extra fee.
Examples
I got my e-visa within two days and printed a copy for the airport.
Make sure the passport number on your e-visa matches your passport exactly.
Common phrases
apply for an e-visa · e-visa approval · print your e-visa · official e-visa website
An arrangement that lets citizens of certain countries visit without a visa, often after getting an online travel authorisation instead.
Where you use it
The best-known example is the US Visa Waiver Program, whose travellers register through ESTA. The UK's ETA is a similar scheme. A visa waiver does not guarantee entry; the border officer still decides on arrival.
Examples
Because her country is in the visa waiver programme, she only needed an online authorisation.
The visa waiver only covers short visits for tourism or business.
Usage note
The US programme is spelt Program; in British English the general word is programme.
Common phrases
visa waiver programme · visa waiver country · travel under a visa waiver · online travel authorisation
To make a formal request for something, such as a visa, permit or passport, usually by filling in a form and sending documents.
Where you use it
You apply for the thing you want (apply for a visa, apply for citizenship) and apply to the organisation (apply to the embassy). The noun is application and the person is the applicant. Official guidance often says "apply online" or "apply from outside the country".
Examples
She applied for a work permit as soon as she received the job offer.
We're applying for our children's passports at the same appointment.
Usage note
Do not say "apply to a visa". You apply for the visa and apply to the authority that decides.
Common phrases
apply for a visa · apply online · apply in person · apply to the embassy · eligible to apply
A formal request for a visa, made up of a completed form, the required documents, the fee and often an appointment to give fingerprints.
Where you use it
People make, submit, withdraw or track a visa application. Official websites describe the steps of the application process, and letters from the authorities refer to "your application" until a decision is made. Agents and HR teams say "the application is in" once it has been submitted.
Examples
My visa application was submitted on Monday, and I'm now waiting for a decision.
Incomplete visa applications are often refused, so check the document list twice.
Common phrases
submit a visa application · track your visa application · withdraw a visa application · visa application process · online visa application
The official form you fill in with your personal details, travel plans and history when you request a visa, permit or citizenship.
Where you use it
Most forms are now completed online, then printed and signed or submitted electronically. You fill in (British) or fill out (American) a form and keep a copy. Forms ask about previous travel, earlier refusals, family members and employment.
Examples
The application form asks you to list every country you have visited in the last ten years.
Don't forget to sign the application form before your appointment.
Common phrases
fill in an application form · complete the application form · sign the form · online application form
A fixed date and time to visit an embassy, consulate or visa centre to hand in documents, give biometrics or attend an interview.
Where you use it
You book, reschedule or cancel an appointment, usually through an online system. In busy seasons free appointment slots can be hard to find, so people check the booking page often. The confirmation email lists what to bring.
Examples
I finally managed to book an appointment at the visa centre for next Thursday.
Please arrive fifteen minutes before your appointment and bring the printed confirmation.
Common phrases
book an appointment · reschedule an appointment · appointment slot · appointment confirmation · biometrics appointment
The main official office of one country's government in the capital city of another country, led by an ambassador.
Where you use it
People often say "the embassy" for any visa office of a country, but visas are actually handled by its consular section. Many embassies no longer accept applications directly and send applicants to a visa application centre instead.
Examples
The German Embassy in Ankara has published a new list of required documents.
If your passport is stolen abroad, contact your country's embassy or the nearest consulate.
Usage note
In an official name, Embassy has a capital letter: the British Embassy in Ankara.
An office of a foreign government in a city other than the capital, which helps its own citizens and handles visas and documents.
Where you use it
A larger one is a consulate general, led by a consul general. Applicants are usually told to apply at the consulate that covers the region where they live. Related words: consul, consular services, consular fee.
Examples
Applicants living in İzmir should apply through the consulate general in Istanbul.
The consulate can issue an emergency travel document if you lose your passport.
Common phrases
consulate general · consular section · apply at the consulate · consular services
Physical data used to identify you, mainly fingerprints and a digital photo, which many countries collect as part of a visa or permit application.
Where you use it
Applicants give or provide biometrics at a biometrics appointment, usually at a visa centre. Fingerprints may be stored for several years, so frequent travellers sometimes skip this step. The adjective is biometric: biometric passport, biometric data.
Examples
You'll need to give your biometrics at the visa centre after you pay the fee.
My biometrics appointment took less than ten minutes.
Common phrases
give biometrics · biometrics appointment · biometric data · biometric passport · enrol biometrics
An office, usually run by a private company for a government, where applicants hand in documents, give biometrics and later collect their passports.
Where you use it
Often shortened to VAC or simply visa centre. Staff check that your documents are complete but do not decide on the application; the embassy or consulate does. Centres may sell optional services such as courier delivery or premium lounges.
Examples
You can collect your passport from the visa application centre once you receive a text message.
The visa application centre only checks your papers; the consulate makes the decision.
Usage note
American English spells it center; you will see both spellings on official websites.
Common phrases
visa application centre · visa centre · collect your passport · optional services · courier service
The money you must pay to have an application processed, usually paid in advance and not returned if the application is refused.
Where you use it
Fees depend on the visa type and change regularly, so official sites list the current amounts. Visa centres may add a separate service fee. You pay, waive or refund a fee; children or some nationalities may be exempt.
Examples
The application fee is non-refundable, even if your visa is refused.
Did you pay the application fee online or at the visa centre?
Common phrases
pay the application fee · non-refundable fee · service fee · fee waiver · fee exemption
The time the authorities need to make a decision on an application, counted from when it is submitted or when biometrics are given.
Where you use it
Official websites publish average or target processing times, but they can be longer in busy seasons. Some countries offer priority or super priority services for an extra fee. Applicants say "the processing time is about three weeks".
Examples
Processing times are longer in summer, so apply as early as you can.
The standard processing time for this visa is fifteen working days.
Common phrases
standard processing time · average processing time · priority service · processing delays
To formally give or send an application, form or document to an authority so that it can be considered.
Where you use it
Very common in official instructions: submit your application, submit your documents, submit evidence. Online systems have a Submit button, and after you press it you usually cannot change your answers. The noun is submission.
Examples
I submitted my application online last night and booked the biometrics appointment this morning.
All documents must be submitted in English or with a certified translation.
Common phrases
submit an application · submit documents · submit evidence · submit online · date of submission
A unique number or code given to your application, which you use to track it and quote whenever you contact the authorities.
Where you use it
Each system has its own name for it: application number, case number, receipt number or file number. Emails from immigration offices ask you to "quote your reference number". People keep it somewhere safe from the first day.
Examples
Please quote your reference number in all correspondence.
I entered my reference number on the tracking page, but there's no update yet.
Common phrases
quote your reference number · application reference number · case number · receipt number
A short meeting at an embassy or consulate where an officer asks about your plans, background and documents before deciding on your visa.
Where you use it
Common for US visas and for some long-stay visas elsewhere. Typical questions are about the purpose of the trip, your job, your family and who is paying. People say they have, attend or pass a visa interview.
Examples
My visa interview lasted only three minutes, but I was nervous the whole time.
Bring all your original documents to the visa interview, even if you uploaded them online.
Common phrases
attend a visa interview · schedule a visa interview · interview questions · interview waiver
Not yet decided or finished; used for an application that has been submitted but has no decision yet.
Where you use it
Online trackers often show statuses such as Received, Pending, In process and Decision made. People say "my application is pending" or "pending a decision". In some countries you can stay lawfully while an in-time renewal application is pending.
Examples
My application has been pending for three months, and I haven't heard anything yet.
The status changed from pending to approved overnight.
Common phrases
application pending · pending a decision · case pending · pending status
An official travel document issued by your own country that proves your identity and nationality and lets you cross international borders.
Where you use it
Almost every immigration form asks for your passport number, date of issue and expiry date. Visas are placed in or linked to your passport, so officers check that it is valid and has enough blank pages. You hold or carry a passport and renew it when it expires.
Examples
Please bring your original passport and a copy of the photo page.
My passport expires next year, so I'm renewing it before I apply.
Usage note
The page with your photo and personal details is called the photo page or bio-data page in English.
Common phrases
passport number · valid passport · renew a passport · photo page · passport holder
The papers you send with an application to prove what you say in the form, such as bank statements, letters from employers or hotel bookings.
Where you use it
Official checklists list the supporting documents for each visa type. You gather, upload, attach or provide them, often with translations. In UK and EU guidance you will also see the word evidence used for the same papers.
Examples
Upload all supporting documents as PDF files before you book your appointment.
The officer asked for more supporting documents to show my ties to Türkiye.
Common phrases
provide supporting documents · upload supporting documents · document checklist · original documents · copies of documents
Officially accepted and still in force, not expired or cancelled; used for passports, visas, permits and tickets.
Where you use it
Common patterns: valid for (valid for 90 days), valid until (valid until March 2027), valid in (valid in all Schengen countries). The opposite is invalid or expired. The noun validity appears in phrases like passport validity and period of validity.
Examples
Your passport must be valid for the whole of your planned stay.
This visa is valid for one entry only.
Common phrases
valid passport · valid for · valid until · remain valid · period of validity
The last day on which a document such as a passport, visa or permit can be used; after this date it is no longer valid.
Where you use it
British English says expiry date; American English usually says expiration date. Forms ask for the date of issue and the date of expiry. Officers check expiry dates carefully, and people set reminders so they can renew permits in time.
Examples
Check the expiry date on your residence card before you book any trips.
My visa's expiry date is 14 June, so I have to leave before then.
Usage note
The verb is expire: "My visa expires in May." Saying "My visa finishes" sounds unnatural in formal writing.
Common phrases
expiry date · date of expiry · expiration date · before the expiry date · check the expiry date
Documents that show you have enough money to cover your trip, studies or stay, such as bank statements, payslips or a sponsor's letter.
Where you use it
Many visa types set a minimum amount or expect money to have been held for a certain period. Officers look at where the money came from, not only at the balance. You will also see proof of financial means, financial evidence and maintenance funds.
Examples
As proof of funds, I attached my last three bank statements and my payslips.
The university sent a checklist that explains what counts as proof of funds.
Common phrases
show proof of funds · provide proof of funds · sufficient funds · financial evidence · maintenance funds
A document from your bank that lists the money coming into and going out of your account over a period and shows the balance.
Where you use it
Visa officers usually want recent statements covering several months, sometimes stamped or signed by the bank. A large deposit just before applying may raise questions. People download, request or translate bank statements.
Examples
Could you send me bank statements for the last six months, stamped by the branch?
My bank statement showed a large transfer from my father, so I added a letter explaining it.
Common phrases
recent bank statements · stamped bank statement · request a bank statement · closing balance
A small, recent photo of your face that meets strict official rules on size, background, lighting and expression, used for passports and applications.
Where you use it
Each country publishes its own photo requirements, such as a plain light background, no glasses and a neutral expression. Photos usually must be recent. Online forms may ask for a digital photo instead of a printed one.
Examples
My application was delayed because the passport photo had a shadow in the background.
You need two identical passport photos taken within the last six months.
A letter from a person, company or organisation in the destination country that invites you, explains the reason for the visit and sometimes promises to cover costs.
Where you use it
Common for family visits, business trips and conferences. A good invitation letter gives names, addresses, dates and the relationship between the host and the guest. Some countries use an official form for this instead of a simple letter.
Examples
My cousin sent me an invitation letter with a copy of her residence permit.
The conference organisers provide an invitation letter for speakers who need a visa.
Common phrases
write an invitation letter · letter of invitation · invitation letter from the host · official invitation
Insurance that pays for medical treatment and other problems, such as cancelled trips or lost luggage, while you are travelling abroad.
Where you use it
For some visas, including Schengen visas, travel medical insurance with a minimum level of cover is required. Officers check the dates, the countries covered and the amount of cover. People buy, take out or extend a travel insurance policy.
Examples
My travel insurance covers all Schengen countries for the full length of my trip.
The consulate asked for proof of travel insurance with medical cover.
Common phrases
take out travel insurance · travel medical insurance · insurance policy · level of cover · proof of insurance
An official document that records a person's birth, including the date and place of birth and the names of the parents.
Where you use it
Needed for family visas, children's applications, citizenship by descent and marriage abroad. Authorities usually want an official copy, sometimes with an apostille and a certified translation. Some countries issue a multilingual extract that is often accepted abroad without translation.
Examples
For our son's passport we needed his birth certificate and both our IDs.
The embassy asked for a translated copy of my birth certificate.
Common phrases
full birth certificate · copy of your birth certificate · multilingual extract · certified copy
A translation of an official document that comes with a signed statement or stamp confirming that it is complete and accurate.
Where you use it
What counts as certified differs by country: some accept a statement from a professional translator, others want a sworn translator or a notary's stamp. Guidance often says "documents not in English must be accompanied by a certified translation".
Examples
Each Turkish document needs a certified translation into English.
The certified translation must include the translator's name, signature and contact details.
A special certificate added to a public document so that it is accepted as genuine in other countries that are party to the Hague Apostille Convention.
Where you use it
Common for birth and marriage certificates, diplomas and court records. It is issued by an authority in the country where the document was produced, not by the destination country. Countries outside the convention may ask for legalisation by an embassy or consulate instead.
Examples
My diploma needed an apostille before the university would accept it.
The marriage certificate has an apostille stamped on the back.
Common phrases
get an apostille · apostille stamp · Hague Apostille Convention · legalisation
An official document showing whether a person has a criminal record, which many countries ask for in long-stay, work and citizenship applications.
Where you use it
Also called a police clearance certificate, criminal record certificate or background check. Applicants are often asked for one from every country where they have lived for a certain time. Certificates are usually accepted only if they were issued recently.
Examples
The visa officer asked for a police certificate from Türkiye and from Germany, where I studied.
A short letter sent with an application that explains who you are, why you are travelling and which documents you have included.
Where you use it
Not always required, but often used to explain unusual details, such as a gap in employment or a sponsor paying the costs. It is usually addressed to the visa officer and kept to one page. British English also says covering letter.
Examples
In my cover letter I explained that my company is paying for the trip.
Keep your cover letter short and list the documents you are enclosing.
Common phrases
write a cover letter · covering letter · letter to the visa officer · list of enclosures
A plan of your trip showing dates, places, flights and where you will stay, often included with a short-stay visa application.
Where you use it
Officers check that the itinerary matches the visa dates and the countries listed on the form. Many applicants use flight reservations and hotel bookings rather than paid tickets until the visa is approved. Itinerary is pronounced eye-TIN-uh-rair-ee.
Examples
I attached a day-by-day travel itinerary with my hotel bookings.
The consulate noticed that my travel itinerary didn't match the dates on the form.
The checks that officials make at a country's borders on people, documents and goods entering or leaving, and the area where these checks happen.
Where you use it
Used for the system (border control policy) and for the physical place (pass through border control). At airports it covers passport control and customs. Officers may check your passport, visa, return ticket and reason for travel.
Examples
Have your passport and return ticket ready when you reach border control.
There are no regular border controls between most Schengen countries.
Common phrases
pass through border control · border control officers · border checks · strict border controls
A government official who checks travellers' documents at the border and decides, or helps decide, whether they may enter or stay.
Where you use it
Countries use different job titles, such as Border Force officer in the UK or CBP officer in the United States, but immigration officer is understood everywhere. Officers ask short questions about your trip and may ask to see supporting documents.
Examples
The immigration officer asked how long I was staying and where.
An immigration officer checked our passports and waved us through.
Common phrases
immigration officer · border officer · speak to an immigration officer · questioned by an immigration officer
The place at an airport, port or land border where officials check your passport and visa before you enter or leave a country.
Where you use it
Signs say Passport Control, often with separate queues for citizens and foreign nationals. Many airports have e-gates where some passport holders scan their own passports. People say "go through passport control" or "clear passport control".
Examples
The queue at passport control was so long that we nearly missed our connection.
Non-EU passport holders should use the lanes on the left at passport control.
Common phrases
go through passport control · clear passport control · passport control queue · e-gates
The government department, and the area at a border, where officers check the goods you bring into a country and collect any taxes on them.
Where you use it
Always plural in this meaning. You go through customs after passport control and baggage claim. Many airports have a green channel for "nothing to declare" and a red channel for "goods to declare". People moving abroad also deal with customs rules for household goods.
Examples
We went through customs quickly because we had nothing to declare.
Customs officers asked me to open my suitcase.
Usage note
Custom in the singular means a tradition. The border department is always customs, with an s.
Common phrases
go through customs · customs declaration · customs officer · nothing to declare · customs duty
An official place, such as an airport, seaport or land border crossing, where travellers and goods can legally enter a country and are checked.
Where you use it
A formal term common in US immigration and on official forms. Visa holders are inspected at the port of entry, where an officer decides whether to admit them. The plural is ports of entry.
Examples
A visa lets you travel to a US port of entry, but the officer there decides whether you can enter.
Write the name of your port of entry on the arrival form.
Common phrases
arrive at a port of entry · land border crossing · inspection at the port of entry · ports of entry
The main reason for your trip, such as tourism, business, study or visiting family, which forms ask for and border officers often check.
Where you use it
The classic border question is "What is the purpose of your visit?" A short answer is normal: "Tourism" or "A business meeting". The stated purpose is expected to match your visa type and documents. Forms may say purpose of travel or purpose of journey.
Examples
"What's the purpose of your visit?" "I'm attending a conference in Boston."
In the purpose of visit box, I wrote "family visit".
Common phrases
purpose of visit · purpose of travel · state the purpose · main purpose
A mark printed in your passport by a border officer showing the date and place you entered a country.
Where you use it
Officers use entry and exit stamps to count how long you have stayed. Some regions are replacing stamps with digital entry and exit records, so your passport may not be stamped at all. Travellers check that the stamp is clear and the date is correct.
Examples
The officer forgot to give me an entry stamp, so I kept my boarding pass as proof.
My entry stamp shows that I arrived on 3 May.
Common phrases
entry stamp · exit stamp · stamp a passport · get a stamp
To refuse to let a person into a country at the border, even if they have a visa or come from a visa-free country.
Where you use it
Usually passive: "He was denied entry." British official English often says refused entry or refused leave to enter. A person denied entry may be sent back on the next flight, and later forms ask "Have you ever been refused entry?"
Examples
She was denied entry because she couldn't show a return ticket.
A visa does not guarantee entry; officers can still deny entry at the border.
Common phrases
be denied entry · refused entry · refusal of entry · sent back
An official document that allows a foreign citizen to live in a country for a set period, usually longer than a tourist visit.
Where you use it
In the EU it is usually a plastic card with your photo and biometric data. It may be temporary or permanent and is often linked to a purpose such as work, study or family. People apply for, receive, renew and carry their residence permit, and sometimes call it a residence card.
Examples
Once you arrive, you have to apply for a residence permit at the local immigration office.
Her residence permit expires next month, so she has already booked a renewal appointment.
Common phrases
apply for a residence permit · renew a residence permit · temporary residence permit · residence card · residence permit holder
The right to live in a country without a time limit, usually also with the right to work, even though you are not a citizen.
Where you use it
Names vary: permanent residency, settlement, indefinite leave to remain in the UK, or a green card in the US. It usually comes after several years of legal residence and can be lost after long absences. Permanent residents are often called PRs.
Examples
After five years on a work visa, he applied for permanent residence.
Permanent residence gives you many of a citizen's rights, but usually not a passport.
Common phrases
apply for permanent residence · permanent residency · permanent resident · indefinite leave to remain · settlement
To stay in a country longer than your visa or permission allows.
Where you use it
Also a noun: an overstay. Depending on the country, overstaying even by a few days can lead to fines, removal, a ban on returning or problems with future applications. Forms ask "Have you ever overstayed a visa?"
Examples
He overstayed his visa by two weeks and was given an entry ban.
The form asks whether you have ever overstayed in any country.
Common phrases
overstay a visa · overstay by · visa overstay · overstayer
To make a document such as a passport, visa or permit valid for a further period, usually by applying again before it expires.
Where you use it
The noun is renewal: renewal application, renewal fee, renewal appointment. Many countries accept renewals only within a set period before the expiry date, so people watch the dates closely. Extend is used when more time is added to the same permission.
Examples
I need to renew my residence permit before the end of March.
Renewing a passport at the consulate can take several weeks.
Common phrases
renew a permit · renew your passport · renewal application · apply for renewal · renewal fee
Your legal position in a country as a non-citizen, which decides how long you can stay and whether you can work, study or use public services.
Where you use it
Employers, landlords, banks and hospitals may ask you to prove your immigration status. Some countries now show it online with a share code instead of a card. Status may be lawful, temporary or permanent, and a person can also have no status at all.
Examples
The landlord asked me to prove my immigration status before signing the lease.
Changing jobs could affect your immigration status, so speak to HR first.
Common phrases
prove your immigration status · lawful status · change of status · right to work · status check
Describing a person who lives in a country without valid legal permission to be there, for example after a visa has expired.
Where you use it
Undocumented migrant and irregular migrant are used by many international organisations, researchers and journalists. Some official texts and news outlets use illegal immigrant. Learners should recognise all three and notice which one a writer chooses.
Examples
The report estimates how many undocumented workers are employed in farming.
After his visa expired, he became undocumented and could no longer work legally.
Permission to stay in a country longer than your current visa allows, applied for while you are still inside the country.
Where you use it
People apply for, request or are granted a visa extension. Not every visa can be extended, and some countries call this an extension of stay or further leave to remain. The application usually has to be made before the current permission ends.
Examples
I applied for a visa extension because my research project was delayed.
Not every visa type allows an extension, so check before you travel.
Common phrases
apply for a visa extension · extension of stay · grant an extension · further leave to remain
The common name for the card that shows a person is a lawful permanent resident of the United States.
Where you use it
The official name is Permanent Resident Card. People get a green card through family, employment, refugee status or the Diversity Visa programme, often called the green card lottery. Green card holders can usually apply for US citizenship after several years.
Examples
She got her green card through her employer after six years on a work visa.
His green card expires in 2028, so he will have to renew it.
Common phrases
green card holder · apply for a green card · green card lottery · Permanent Resident Card
A visa that allows you to live in a country for the length of a course at a school, college or university there.
Where you use it
Each country gives it its own name, such as the F-1 visa in the United States or the Student visa in the UK. Applicants usually need an acceptance letter from the school, proof of funds and sometimes a language test. Some student visas allow limited part-time work.
Examples
I got my student visa two weeks before the semester started.
On a student visa you may need permission before changing your course.
Common phrases
student visa holder · apply for a student visa · on a student visa · student visa requirements
Official permission from a government that allows a foreign citizen to take a job in that country, often with a named employer.
Where you use it
In some countries the work permit is a separate document; in others the right to work is written into a work visa or residence permit. Employers check it before your first day, and changing jobs may require a new permit.
Examples
My work permit is tied to this employer, so I can't simply move to another company.
We can start your onboarding as soon as your work permit is approved.
Common phrases
apply for a work permit · work permit holder · right to work · renew a work permit · employer-specific permit
A formal offer of employment from a company, which for many work visas must come before you can apply.
Where you use it
Immigration rules may set conditions on the job offer, such as a minimum salary, a skill level or an approved employer. You receive, accept or turn down a job offer; the written version is an offer letter or a contract.
Examples
Once I accepted the job offer, the company started my work visa application.
The recruiter said the job offer was the first step towards the visa.
Common phrases
receive a job offer · accept a job offer · offer letter · conditional job offer
A visa that allows a foreign citizen to enter a country in order to take up employment there.
Where you use it
A general term covering many routes, such as skilled worker, intra-company transfer, seasonal worker or the US H-1B. In some countries the work visa only lets you enter, and a separate work or residence permit is issued after arrival.
Examples
My company is applying for a work visa for me, and I should hear back within a month.
She switched from a student visa to a work visa after graduating.
Common phrases
apply for a work visa · work visa holder · sponsor a work visa · switch to a work visa
A worker with qualifications, training or experience in a particular job, often the target of special visa routes for jobs that are hard to fill.
Where you use it
Many countries run points-based or skilled worker programmes, and the UK has a route called the Skilled Worker visa. Rules often look at the job code, the salary and the language level. Some countries publish shortage lists showing jobs where skilled workers are especially needed.
Examples
Nurses and software engineers often come on skilled worker visas.
Canada's skilled worker programme gives points for age, education and language.
Common phrases
skilled worker visa · skilled worker route · points-based system · shortage occupation
An official letter from a school, college or university confirming that you have been offered a place on a course; needed for most student visas.
Where you use it
Also called a letter of acceptance or an offer letter. For visa purposes some countries use a specific document instead, such as the CAS number in the UK or the I-20 form in the US. An offer can be conditional (grades or a test score are still needed) or unconditional.
Examples
I can't apply for my student visa until I receive the acceptance letter.
The acceptance letter states the course dates and the tuition fees.
Common phrases
acceptance letter · letter of acceptance · unconditional offer · conditional offer
A check that an employer must make in some systems to show that no suitable local worker was available before hiring someone from abroad.
Where you use it
It usually means advertising the job locally for a set period and keeping records of the applicants. Names vary: labour market test, labour market impact assessment (LMIA) in Canada or labor certification in the US. Some visa routes are exempt.
Examples
The employer advertised the job for four weeks to meet the labour market test.
Jobs on the shortage list are often exempt from the labour market test.
Usage note
American English spells it labor. In Canada you will mostly hear the abbreviation LMIA.
Common phrases
labour market test · resident labour market test · advertise the job · exempt from the test
A person or organisation that supports your application, for example by paying your costs, offering you a job or being the family member you are joining.
Where you use it
It has several meanings: a financial sponsor pays for a visit, an employer sponsor offers a job and may need a licence to hire foreign workers, and a family sponsor is a relative who is a citizen or resident. It is also a verb: "My company is sponsoring my visa."
Examples
My uncle is my sponsor, so he signed a letter saying he will pay for my stay.
Our firm got a sponsor licence so that it could hire engineers from abroad.
Common phrases
financial sponsor · employer sponsor · sponsor a visa · sponsor licence · sponsor's letter
A family member, usually a husband, wife, partner or child, who joins or stays with the main applicant and relies on them for support.
Where you use it
Visa systems talk about the main applicant and their dependants. A dependant visa is usually linked to the main applicant's visa, so it often ends when that visa ends. Whether dependants can work or study depends on the route.
Examples
Can I bring my wife and children as dependants on a work visa?
Each dependant needs a separate application and fee.
Usage note
British official English uses dependant for the noun and dependent for the adjective; American English uses dependent for both.
Common phrases
bring dependants · dependant visa · main applicant · dependant partner · dependent children
A visa that allows the husband, wife or partner of a citizen or resident to join and live with them in that country.
Where you use it
Names vary: spouse visa, partner visa, family visa or marriage visa. Applicants usually prove that the relationship is genuine, that they meet financial requirements and sometimes that they speak basic English. Unmarried partners may qualify in some countries.
Examples
For the spouse visa, we sent wedding photos and messages to show that our relationship is genuine.
Her husband is a British citizen, so she's applying for a spouse visa.
Common phrases
apply for a spouse visa · partner visa · genuine relationship · financial requirement
The right or process that allows close family members of a resident, citizen or refugee to join them in the country where they live.
Where you use it
A common term in EU law and refugee policy; UK texts also say family reunion. It usually covers spouses or partners and children under 18, and sometimes other relatives. Rules on income, housing and language may apply.
Examples
After getting refugee status, he applied for family reunification so that his children could join him.
Family reunification rules often require a minimum income and suitable housing.
Common phrases
apply for family reunification · family reunion · right to family reunification · family reunification visa
The legal status of being a full member of a country, with rights such as voting and holding its passport, and duties such as obeying its laws.
Where you use it
Depending on the country, citizenship can come from birth, from your parents, or later through naturalisation after years of residence or marriage. People apply for, acquire, hold, give up or renounce citizenship. Nationality is a near synonym used in passports and forms.
Examples
After eight years in Canada, she finally applied for citizenship.
Do you hold citizenship of any other country?
Usage note
Citizenship and nationality are often used as synonyms. When a form asks for your nationality, write Turkish, not Turk or Türkiye.
Common phrases
apply for citizenship · acquire citizenship · hold citizenship · renounce citizenship · citizenship application
The legal process by which a foreign citizen becomes a citizen of the country where they live, usually after several years of residence.
Where you use it
Requirements often include a period of legal residence, language skills, a citizenship test, good character and a fee. The verb is naturalise: "She was naturalised in 2019." A person who becomes a citizen this way is a naturalised citizen.
Examples
He applied for naturalisation as soon as he met the residence requirement.
The naturalisation process took almost a year from application to ceremony.
Usage note
American English spells it naturalization and naturalize. Both spellings are correct.
Common phrases
apply for naturalisation · naturalisation application · naturalised citizen · become naturalised
The status of being a citizen of two countries at the same time, with the rights and duties of both.
Where you use it
Also called dual nationality. Rules differ widely: some countries allow it freely, some only in certain cases, and some ask you to give up your old citizenship when you naturalise. People say they hold or have dual citizenship and are dual citizens.
Examples
My daughter has dual citizenship because she was born in Canada to Turkish parents.
Before you apply, check whether your new country allows dual citizenship.
An exam about a country's history, laws, government and way of life that many countries require before granting citizenship or permanent residence.
Where you use it
Each country has its own version, such as the Life in the UK test or the US civics test, and official study guides are published for them. People take, sit, pass or fail the test and can usually retake it.
Examples
I'm studying the official handbook for my citizenship test next month.
She passed the citizenship test on her first try.
Common phrases
take the citizenship test · pass the citizenship test · study guide · civics test
A formal event where new citizens make an oath or pledge of loyalty and officially receive their citizenship.
Where you use it
In the US it is usually called a naturalization ceremony. New citizens often receive a certificate of citizenship or naturalisation, and in many countries they can apply for a passport only after the ceremony. Family and friends usually attend.
Examples
More than fifty people from twenty countries took the oath at the citizenship ceremony.
We're having dinner with friends after my citizenship ceremony on Friday.
Common phrases
attend a citizenship ceremony · take the oath · oath of allegiance · certificate of naturalisation
A rule that applicants must prove a certain level in the country's language, usually with an approved test or a qualification.
Where you use it
Found in many visa, settlement and citizenship routes. The level is often given on the CEFR scale, for example A2 or B1, and only certain tests and test centres may be accepted. A degree taught in English sometimes meets the requirement.
Examples
To meet the language requirement, I took an approved English test at B1 level.
Children under a certain age are exempt from the language requirement.
Common phrases
meet the language requirement · English language requirement · approved language test · exempt from the requirement
Not recognised as a citizen by any country, which can make it hard to get documents, travel, work or use public services.
Where you use it
The noun is statelessness. International law, including the 1954 and 1961 UN conventions, aims to protect stateless people and reduce statelessness. Some countries issue a special travel document to stateless persons.
Examples
Children born to stateless parents may also be left without a nationality.
As a stateless person, he could not get a passport from any country.
Common phrases
stateless person · become stateless · statelessness · stateless travel document
Protection that a country gives to a person who has left their own country because they fear serious harm or persecution there.
Where you use it
People claim, seek or apply for asylum; the government grants or refuses it. Claims are usually assessed under the 1951 Refugee Convention and national law. The word appears in asylum seeker, asylum claim, asylum interview and asylum system.
Examples
He claimed asylum as soon as he arrived at the airport.
Her asylum claim is still being considered by the Home Office.
Common phrases
claim asylum · seek asylum · grant asylum · asylum claim · asylum system
A person who has left their country because of a well-founded fear of persecution and who needs international protection.
Where you use it
In law the word has a precise meaning set by the 1951 Refugee Convention. In everyday news it is used more loosely for people fleeing war or disaster. Common phrases include refugee camp, refugee status and resettled refugees.
Examples
She came to the UK as a refugee and now works as an interpreter.
The charity helps refugees find housing and learn the language.
Usage note
Stress is on the last syllable: ref-yoo-JEE. In official language, an asylum seeker is still waiting for a decision; when the claim is accepted, the person is granted refugee status.
A person who has asked for protection in another country and is waiting for the authorities to decide on the claim.
Where you use it
Used in law, news and charity work. Depending on the country, asylum seekers often have limited rights to work or receive support while the claim is decided. If the claim succeeds, the person is granted refugee status or another form of protection.
Examples
The centre offers free English classes to asylum seekers.
As an asylum seeker, he had to report to the immigration office every month.
Common phrases
asylum seeker · support for asylum seekers · asylum seeker accommodation · rights of asylum seekers
To formally ask a country's authorities for protection because you fear serious harm if you return to your own country.
Where you use it
British English often says claim asylum; American English prefers apply for asylum; journalists also write seek asylum. A claim can be made at the border or inside the country, and it is followed by a screening and a detailed interview.
Examples
He claimed asylum at the airport and was given an appointment for a screening interview.
People who claim asylum are usually asked to explain why they cannot return home.
The legal recognition, given by a country or by the UN refugee agency, that a person is a refugee and has the rights that come with it.
Where you use it
People are granted or refused refugee status. It usually brings permission to stay, to work and to travel with a special travel document, and in some countries a later route to permanent residence. It can be reviewed or ended in certain situations.
Examples
She was granted refugee status after a long interview and two years of waiting.
With refugee status he can finally work legally and rent a flat.
Common phrases
grant refugee status · be granted refugee status · recognised refugee · refugee travel document
Serious harm or cruel, unfair treatment that a person suffers or fears because of who they are or what they believe.
Where you use it
A key word in refugee law. The Refugee Convention lists five grounds: race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group and political opinion. Lawyers talk about a well-founded fear of persecution. The verb is persecute.
Examples
The claim was based on a fear of persecution because of her political opinions.
The officer must decide whether the applicant faces a real risk of persecution.
Common phrases
fear of persecution · well-founded fear of persecution · risk of persecution · flee persecution · religious persecution
Permission to stay given to a person who does not qualify as a refugee but would face a real risk of serious harm, such as torture, if returned.
Where you use it
A UK term; in the EU the similar status is called subsidiary protection. A decision letter may say that asylum is refused but humanitarian protection is granted. The rights it gives are often close to those of refugee status.
Examples
Her asylum claim was refused, but she was granted humanitarian protection.
The lawyer explained the difference between refugee status and humanitarian protection.
Common phrases
grant humanitarian protection · subsidiary protection · risk of serious harm · form of protection
A negative decision on an application, meaning the visa, permit or status you asked for has not been granted.
Where you use it
The authorities send a refusal letter or refusal notice explaining the reasons and whether you can appeal. Application forms often ask "Have you ever been refused a visa?" The verb is refuse; in US English you will also see deny and denial.
Examples
The refusal letter said the officer was not satisfied that I would leave at the end of my visit.
A previous refusal doesn't automatically mean your next application will fail.
Usage note
In UK guidance, refused means the case was decided negatively, while rejected usually means the application was invalid and not considered at all.
Common phrases
visa refusal · refusal letter · grounds for refusal · receive a refusal · previous refusal
A positive decision on an application, meaning the visa, permit or status you asked for has been granted.
Where you use it
People say their visa was approved or was granted; official letters more often use grant. After approval you may need to collect your passport, pick up a residence card or enter the country within a certain time. The opposite is refusal.
Examples
I got the approval email this morning, and my passport will be ready on Friday.
Approval usually takes longer if the officer needs extra documents.
Common phrases
visa approval · approval letter · get approval · be approved · pending approval
A formal request to a higher authority or a tribunal to change a decision, such as a visa refusal or a deportation order.
Where you use it
Also a verb: appeal against a decision (British) or appeal a decision (American). Not every refusal has a right of appeal; some allow only an administrative review or a new application. Deadlines are strict and are given in the refusal letter.
Examples
She decided to appeal the refusal with the help of a lawyer.
The appeal was heard by an immigration tribunal six months later.
Common phrases
lodge an appeal · right of appeal · appeal against a decision · win an appeal · appeal deadline
The official act of forcing a foreign citizen to leave a country, usually because they have no right to stay or have committed a serious crime.
Where you use it
The verb is deport, and the person may be called a deportee. Official US and UK texts often use removal for many of these cases. A deportation order can include a ban on returning for a number of years.
Examples
He faced deportation after his visa was cancelled.
The lawyer asked the court to stop the deportation while the appeal was pending.
Common phrases
face deportation · deportation order · be deported · removal · stop a deportation
To make a new application after an earlier one was refused or withdrawn, or after a permission has expired.
Where you use it
For some refusals, reapplying is the only option because there is no right of appeal. Officers usually look at whether the new application deals with the reasons for the earlier refusal. Forms always ask about previous refusals.
Examples
After the refusal, we waited a few months and reapplied with stronger financial documents.
You can reapply at any time, but you'll have to pay the fee again.
Common phrases
reapply for a visa · reapply with new evidence · decide to reapply · fresh application
A lawyer who specialises in visas, residence, citizenship, asylum and appeals, and who advises clients and represents them before authorities or courts.
Where you use it
In the UK people also speak of immigration solicitors and regulated immigration advisers. Clients usually turn to a lawyer for complex cases, refusals, appeals or deportation. In many countries only qualified or registered people may give immigration advice.
Examples
Our immigration lawyer helped us prepare the appeal.
The immigration lawyer explained which documents the tribunal would expect to see.
Common phrases
hire an immigration lawyer · consult an immigration lawyer · immigration solicitor · immigration adviser · legal representation
To move to a new place to live or work, often because of a job and often with help from an employer.
Where you use it
Common in HR and business English: relocate to Berlin, relocate the family. The noun relocation appears in relocation package, relocation allowance and relocation agent, a person who helps newcomers find housing and complete registration.
Examples
We're relocating to Amsterdam in March, and the company is paying for the move.
The relocation agent helped us find a flat and open a bank account.
A person or company that owns a house or flat and rents it to someone else in return for regular payments.
Where you use it
The person who rents is the tenant. Landlords may ask newcomers for references, proof of income and proof of immigration status, and some ask for a guarantor. Many tenants deal with a letting agent rather than the landlord directly.
Examples
Our landlord agreed to fix the heating before we move in.
The landlord wanted three months' rent in advance because I had no credit history.
Usage note
Turkish ev sahibi can mean the owner who rents out a flat (landlord) or the person who welcomes you as a guest (host). Use landlord only for renting.
Common phrases
private landlord · contact the landlord · landlord and tenant · letting agent
A written contract between a landlord and a tenant that sets out the rent, the length of the rental and the rights and duties of both sides.
Where you use it
British English says tenancy agreement; American English usually says lease or rental agreement. Newcomers often use it as proof of address at banks and registration offices. Key parts include the notice period, the deposit and who pays for repairs.
Examples
We signed a twelve-month tenancy agreement for a flat near the station.
Can I use my tenancy agreement as proof of address?
Common phrases
sign a tenancy agreement · fixed-term tenancy · lease · notice period · break clause
Money a tenant pays at the start of a rental, which the landlord keeps as security and returns at the end if there is no damage or unpaid rent.
Where you use it
Often equal to one or more months' rent; some countries limit the amount or require it to be held in a protection scheme. You pay, get back or lose a deposit. Tenants often take photos on moving-in day in case there is a dispute later.
Examples
We paid a deposit of two months' rent when we signed the contract.
The landlord kept part of my deposit to pay for cleaning.
Common phrases
pay a deposit · security deposit · get your deposit back · deposit protection
A recent official document showing your name and home address, such as a utility bill, a bank letter or a tenancy agreement.
Where you use it
Banks, phone companies, doctors and registration offices ask for it. Newcomers often get stuck in a circle: you need proof of address to open a bank account, and a bank letter to prove your address. Documents usually must be dated within the last few months.
Examples
The bank asked for proof of address dated within the last three months.
I used my tenancy agreement as proof of address until the first bill arrived.
Common phrases
proof of address · proof of residence · recent utility bill · registered address
The official recording of where you live with the local authorities, which many countries require soon after you move in.
Where you use it
Known by local names, such as Anmeldung in Germany. The registration certificate is then needed for a tax number, a bank account, a residence permit or a school place. People register their address, deregister when they leave and update it when they move.
Examples
In Germany, address registration is usually the first step after you find a flat.
Without proof of address registration, I couldn't get a tax number.
To become a customer of a bank by starting an account, usually after showing your ID, proof of address and sometimes your immigration status.
Where you use it
One of the first tasks after moving, because salaries, rent and bills are usually paid by bank transfer. Newcomers are often asked for a passport, residence permit, proof of address and a local phone number. Digital banks may have simpler checks.
Examples
I couldn't open a bank account until my address registration was done.
My new employer asked me to open a bank account before the first payday.
Common phrases
open a bank account · current account · checking account · bank transfer · local bank account
Insurance that pays for medical care, either through a public system funded by contributions or through a private policy.
Where you use it
Many residence permits and student visas require proof of health insurance. Some countries add a health charge to visa costs, while others expect you to join the public system or buy private cover. You take out, have or are covered by health insurance.
Examples
International students must show proof of health insurance when they register.
My employer's health insurance also covers my wife and children.
Common phrases
take out health insurance · public health insurance · private health insurance · proof of health insurance
A regular bill for a basic household service such as electricity, gas, water or internet.
Where you use it
Often accepted as proof of address if it is recent and in your name. In shared flats the bills may be in one person's name only, so newcomers sometimes ask to be added. Rent may be advertised with bills included or bills excluded.
Examples
The bank accepted a utility bill from the last three months as proof of address.
Our rent is 900 euros a month, plus utility bills.
Common phrases
utility bill · pay the bills · bills included · set up utilities · in your name
Ten questions from this glossary. Pick the right meaning for each term and see your score.
How to learn immigration & visas vocabulary
Study in the order of the process: choosing a visa type, collecting documents, booking an appointment, giving biometrics, waiting for a decision, crossing the border and settling in. Each step has its own small set of words.
Read real texts in English, such as official government visa pages, document checklists, application forms, decision letters and tenancy agreements, and notice which words and phrases keep coming back.
Learn the formal verbs and their passive forms, because official letters use them all the time: submit, issue, grant, refuse, extend, renew, revoke. "Your visa has been granted" and "Your application has been refused" are typical sentences.
Practise answering the questions you will hear at interviews and at the border in short, clear English: the purpose of your visit, how long you will stay, where you will stay and who is paying.
Watch for British and American differences: dependant and dependent, naturalisation and naturalization, tenancy agreement and lease, centre and center, refused and denied.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between a visa and a residence permit?
A visa is usually permission to enter a country for a particular purpose, often for a short time, and it is normally issued before you travel. A residence permit lets you live in the country for a longer period and is often issued or renewed inside the country. Many people first enter with a long-stay visa and then receive a residence permit after they arrive.
What is the difference between an embassy and a consulate?
An embassy is a country's main office in the capital of another country, led by an ambassador. A consulate is a smaller office in another city that helps citizens and handles visas and documents. In practice, visas are dealt with by the consular section, wherever it is, and many countries now take applications only through visa application centres.
Is a visa "refused", "rejected" or "denied"?
All three appear. Refused is the standard word in British and EU documents: "Your application has been refused." Denied is common in the United States. In UK official language, rejected often has a special meaning: the application was invalid, for example because the fee was not paid, so it was never considered. In everyday speech people use all three loosely.
Immigrant, migrant, expat or refugee: which word should I use?
An immigrant is someone who has moved to a country to live there. Migrant is a broader word for anyone who moves, including temporary and seasonal workers. Expat is informal and is mostly used for professionals living abroad for a while. Refugee is a legal status for people who need international protection, while an asylum seeker is still waiting for a decision. In formal writing, choose the word that matches the person's actual situation.
Should I say "residence" or "residency"?
Both are correct. Residence is more common in official names: residence permit, permanent residence, country of residence. Residency is frequent in everyday speech, especially in North America ("She got her permanent residency"), and it can also mean the years a doctor spends training in a hospital. In formal writing, residence is the safer choice.
