Nutrition & Dietetics Vocabulary: 100 Key English Terms
Dietitians and nutrition students meet English everywhere: in textbooks, clinical guidelines, research papers, food labels and conversations with international clients and colleagues. This glossary brings together the words a newcomer needs first, from macronutrients, vitamins and energy balance to digestion, meal planning, clinical nutrition, food labels and counseling. Each entry explains the meaning in plain English, shows how professionals really use the word and gives its Turkish equivalent.
100 terms
9 topics
52 core terms
200 example sentences
Read, understand, keep going
No account needed. Read the meaning, see where the term is used, then study the examples. Click any word in the lesson for help. You can also select a word and press Alt + Enter.
Macronutrients and Water
nutrient
noun
Meaning
A substance in food that the body needs to grow, repair itself, produce energy and stay healthy, such as protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and water.
Where you use it
One of the most frequent words in the field. Dietitians talk about nutrient needs, nutrient intake and foods that are 'rich in' or 'a good source of' a nutrient. Nutrients are grouped as macronutrients and micronutrients; 'essential nutrients' are those the body cannot make in sufficient amounts.
Examples
Lentils are cheap and packed with nutrients, including protein, fiber and iron.
We need to check whether her diet covers her nutrient needs during pregnancy.
Usage note
Do not confuse nutrient with nutrition. A nutrient is a substance in food; nutrition is the whole process of taking in and using food, or the science that studies it.
A nutrient that the body needs in large amounts, measured in grams: carbohydrate, protein and fat. Water is sometimes included in this group too.
Where you use it
Used constantly in meal planning, sports nutrition and diet analysis. People often shorten it to 'macros', for example 'tracking macros'. A dietitian may describe a plan by its macronutrient distribution, such as the percentage of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat.
Examples
Each macronutrient provides energy: carbohydrate and protein about 4 kcal per gram, and fat about 9 kcal per gram.
The app shows your macronutrient split for the day as a simple pie chart.
Common phrases
macronutrient distribution · macronutrient ratio · macronutrient intake · track macros
A macronutrient made of amino acids that the body uses to build and repair muscles, organs, skin, enzymes and hormones. It provides about 4 kcal per gram.
Where you use it
Dietitians talk about protein intake, protein requirements, protein sources and protein quality. Needs are often given in grams per kilogram of body weight per day (g/kg/day). Foods are described as 'high in protein' or 'a good source of protein', and people contrast animal and plant protein.
Examples
Older adults in hospital often need more protein to prevent muscle loss.
Chickpeas, eggs and yogurt are all good sources of protein for breakfast.
Usage note
English says 'protein' in two syllables, PRO-teen, not in three syllables like the Turkish pro-te-in.
Common phrases
protein intake · protein requirement · high-protein diet · good source of protein · plant protein
A macronutrient found in foods such as bread, rice, fruit, legumes and milk. The body breaks it down mainly into glucose, its main source of energy; it gives about 4 kcal per gram.
Where you use it
Very common in clinical and everyday talk, often shortened to 'carbs'. Dietitians discuss carbohydrate intake, carbohydrate counting for diabetes, low-carb diets and the difference between simple sugars and complex carbohydrates such as starch and fiber.
Examples
Carbohydrate counting helps people with type 1 diabetes match their insulin to their meals.
Most of his carbohydrates come from white bread and sugary drinks.
A macronutrient that gives the body concentrated energy, about 9 kcal per gram, and helps it absorb vitamins A, D, E and K. The word also means the fat tissue stored in the body.
Where you use it
Dietitians separate types of dietary fat: saturated, unsaturated and trans fat. You will hear 'total fat', 'fat intake', 'low-fat products' and 'healthy fats'. In body composition, 'body fat' and 'fat mass' refer to stored fat, not to fat in food.
Examples
Olive oil is mostly unsaturated fat, while butter contains much more saturated fat.
The label shows 12 grams of fat per serving.
Usage note
'Fat' is also an adjective meaning overweight, but it sounds rude when used about a person. In professional settings people say 'living with obesity' or 'has a higher body weight'.
Common phrases
total fat · fat intake · low-fat · healthy fats · body fat
The parts of plant foods that the human small intestine cannot digest, found in whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruit, nuts and seeds. It supports bowel function and can help control blood sugar and cholesterol.
Where you use it
A key word on food labels and in counseling. Dietitians speak about fiber intake, soluble and insoluble fiber, high-fiber foods and increasing fiber gradually. On labels it usually appears simply as 'fiber' or 'fibre'.
Examples
Most adults eat far less dietary fiber than guidelines recommend.
Oats and barley contain a soluble dietary fiber called beta-glucan.
Usage note
American English writes fiber; British English writes fibre. The meaning is the same.
The state of having enough water in the body, and the process of taking in fluids to reach or keep it. Water is needed for temperature control, digestion and blood volume.
Where you use it
Used in sports nutrition, elderly care and clinical practice. People talk about 'staying hydrated', 'hydration status' and 'fluid intake'. The opposite is 'dehydration'. In hospitals, staff monitor hydration with fluid balance charts.
Examples
Older adults may not feel thirsty, so hydration needs extra attention in care homes.
The team checks the players' hydration by weighing them before and after training.
A type of fat whose fatty acids have no double bonds. It is found mainly in butter, fatty meat, cheese, coconut oil and palm oil, and is usually solid at room temperature.
Where you use it
Very common on labels and in heart health guidance. Many guidelines advise limiting it to less than 10% of total energy because high intakes can raise LDL cholesterol. On UK labels it is often written as 'saturates', on US labels as 'saturated fat'.
Examples
Coconut oil contains even more saturated fat than butter.
Replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat lowers LDL cholesterol.
Common phrases
high in saturated fat · saturated fat intake · limit saturated fat · saturates
A type of fat with one or more double bonds in its fatty acids, usually liquid at room temperature. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are its two main groups.
Where you use it
Often called 'healthy fats' in public messages. Olive oil and hazelnuts are rich in monounsaturated fat (MUFA), while sunflower oil, walnuts and oily fish provide polyunsaturated fat (PUFA). These abbreviations are common in papers and reports.
Examples
Hazelnuts are a good source of unsaturated fat, especially oleic acid.
The new menu uses olive oil and other unsaturated fats instead of butter.
A waxy, fat-like substance that the body uses to build cell membranes and make hormones and vitamin D. The liver makes most of it, and it is also found in animal foods.
Where you use it
Used in heart health and lab results. People talk about high cholesterol, cholesterol levels, LDL (often called 'bad' cholesterol) and HDL ('good' cholesterol). Doctors speak of a 'lipid profile'. 'Dietary cholesterol' means the cholesterol in food, which is not the same as blood cholesterol.
Examples
His cholesterol was high at his last check-up, so his doctor referred him to a dietitian.
Egg yolks contain cholesterol, but for most people saturated fat has a bigger effect on blood levels.
Usage note
English stresses the second syllable: ko-LES-te-rol.
One of the nine amino acids that the human body cannot make, or cannot make in sufficient amounts, so they must come from protein in food.
Where you use it
Used in protein quality, vegetarian nutrition and sports science. Foods that contain all nine in good amounts are called 'complete proteins'. Plant foods may be low in one, the 'limiting amino acid', so combining sources such as grains and legumes is often discussed.
Examples
Leucine is an essential amino acid that plays a key role in muscle protein synthesis.
Lysine is often the limiting essential amino acid in cereals.
A family of polyunsaturated fats, including ALA from plants and EPA and DHA from oily fish, that the body needs for the heart, brain and eyes.
Where you use it
Common in heart health, pregnancy and supplement discussions. People often just say 'omega-3s'. Rich sources are salmon, sardines, anchovies, walnuts and flaxseed. Dietitians also talk about the balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
Examples
Anchovies and sardines are affordable sources of omega-3 fatty acids.
The body converts only a small amount of ALA into the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA.
Common phrases
source of omega-3 · omega-3 supplements · omega-3 to omega-6 ratio · oily fish
A type of unsaturated fat whose structure makes it behave like saturated fat in the body. Most of it came from partially hydrogenated oils, and it raises LDL and lowers HDL cholesterol.
Where you use it
Also called trans fatty acids. Industrially produced trans fat has been banned or strictly limited in many countries, and the WHO has called for its elimination. Small amounts occur naturally in dairy and meat from ruminant animals. Ingredient lists may mention 'partially hydrogenated' oils.
Examples
Older types of margarine were a major source of trans fat.
The new regulation limits industrial trans fat to 2 g per 100 g of total fat.
Common phrases
industrial trans fat · trans fatty acids · partially hydrogenated oils · trans fat ban
A carbohydrate made of long chains of sugar units, such as starch and fiber, found in grains, legumes and vegetables. It is usually digested more slowly than simple sugars.
Where you use it
A common teaching term in schools, gyms and counseling, contrasted with 'simple carbohydrates' or 'simple sugars'. Scientists now often prefer to talk about fiber content, glycemic index and whole versus refined foods, because some starches are digested quickly.
Examples
Legumes are an excellent source of complex carbohydrates and protein.
White bread contains complex carbohydrates, but its starch is digested very quickly.
A vitamin or mineral that the body needs only in very small amounts, measured in milligrams or micrograms, but which is essential for health.
Where you use it
Common in clinical work, public health and research. People talk about micronutrient deficiencies, micronutrient status and 'hidden hunger', which means a lack of vitamins and minerals even when a person gets enough energy. Iron, iodine, vitamin A and zinc are key examples in global health.
Examples
Teenagers who skip meals often miss out on important micronutrients such as calcium and iron.
The study measured micronutrient status in 300 pregnant women.
An organic substance that the body needs in small amounts for growth, immunity and normal metabolism. Most vitamins must come from food because the body cannot make enough of them.
Where you use it
Vitamins are named with letters: vitamin A, the B vitamins, vitamins C, D, E and K. They are grouped as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (the B group and C). People talk about vitamin deficiency, vitamin levels in a blood test and vitamin supplements.
Examples
Her blood test showed low levels of vitamin D and vitamin B12.
Fresh peppers and citrus fruit are rich in vitamin C.
Usage note
Pronunciation differs: Americans say VY-ta-min, while British speakers usually say VIT-a-min. Both are correct.
Common phrases
vitamin deficiency · vitamin supplement · vitamin levels · rich in vitamin C · B vitamins
An inorganic element, such as calcium, iron, zinc or potassium, that the body needs for bones, blood, nerves and many chemical reactions, and must get from food and water.
Where you use it
Usually said together with vitamins: 'vitamins and minerals'. Scientists divide them into major minerals, needed in larger amounts, like calcium and magnesium, and trace minerals or trace elements, like iron, zinc and iodine. 'Mineral content' and 'mineral supplement' are common collocations.
Examples
Dairy products are an important source of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
Tea taken with meals can reduce the absorption of some minerals, especially iron.
Usage note
'Mineral water' is not always the same as Turkish 'maden suyu': in English it can be still or sparkling, so people say 'sparkling mineral water' for the fizzy kind.
Common phrases
vitamins and minerals · trace minerals · mineral content · mineral supplement
A lack of a nutrient in the body that is serious enough to affect health or cause specific signs, such as anemia caused by too little iron.
Where you use it
Used with the name of a nutrient before it: iron deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, B12 deficiency. Doctors and dietitians 'diagnose', 'correct', 'treat' or 'prevent' a deficiency. The adjective is 'deficient', as in 'deficient in vitamin D'. 'Insufficiency' is sometimes used for a milder lack.
Examples
Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide.
Long-term vegans who don't use fortified foods may become deficient in vitamin B12.
Common phrases
iron deficiency · vitamin D deficiency · nutrient deficiency · correct a deficiency · deficient in
A product such as a tablet, capsule, powder or drink that adds nutrients or other substances to the diet, for example vitamin D drops, iron tablets or protein powder.
Where you use it
Common in clinics, pharmacies and sport. People 'take' supplements; doctors 'prescribe' or 'recommend' them. Common phrases are dietary supplement, vitamin supplement and oral nutritional supplement (ONS), a drink given to patients at risk of malnutrition. 'Supplementation' is the more formal noun.
Examples
The patient was started on an oral nutritional supplement twice a day.
Please bring all your supplements to the next appointment so we can check them.
Usage note
'Supplement' is also a verb: 'to supplement your diet with something'. The noun ends in a weak 'ment' sound, the verb in a clear 'ment' sound.
Common phrases
take a supplement · dietary supplement · vitamin D supplement · oral nutritional supplement · supplementation
A mineral that the body uses to make hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood. It occurs as heme iron in animal foods and non-heme iron in plant foods.
Where you use it
One of the most discussed minerals in practice. Iron deficiency anemia is common in women, children and during pregnancy. Dietitians talk about iron stores, ferritin, iron-rich foods and factors that improve or reduce iron absorption, such as vitamin C and tea.
Examples
Her ferritin is low, which suggests her iron stores are depleted.
Red meat, lentils and dark green leafy vegetables all provide iron.
Usage note
Iron is not pronounced 'eye-RON'. Americans say EYE-ern and British speakers say EYE-un.
Common phrases
iron deficiency · iron-rich foods · iron stores · iron absorption · iron deficiency anemia
The most abundant mineral in the body, stored mainly in bones and teeth. It is also needed for muscle contraction, nerve signals and blood clotting.
Where you use it
Discussed in bone health, pregnancy, childhood and older age. Main sources are milk, yogurt, cheese, fortified plant drinks, tahini and some green vegetables. Vitamin D helps the body absorb it. Dietitians talk about calcium intake, calcium-rich foods and calcium supplements.
Examples
Plant-based drinks are only a good calcium source if they are fortified.
Adolescence is a key period for building bone, so calcium intake matters.
A fat-soluble vitamin that helps the body absorb calcium and keep bones healthy. The skin makes it in sunlight, and small amounts come from oily fish, eggs and fortified foods.
Where you use it
Very common in clinics because low levels are widespread, especially in winter and among people who cover their skin or stay indoors. Blood levels are measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Doses are written in micrograms (µg) or international units (IU).
Examples
Vitamin D deficiency is common in Turkey despite the sunny climate.
The doctor prescribed vitamin D drops for the baby.
Common phrases
vitamin D deficiency · vitamin D levels · vitamin D supplement · vitamin D drops
A mineral and electrolyte that controls fluid balance, nerve signals and muscle function. Most dietary sodium comes from salt (sodium chloride) in processed foods, bread and cooking.
Where you use it
Used in work on high blood pressure, kidney disease and heart failure. Labels may show sodium or salt. The WHO recommends less than 5 g of salt a day for adults. Common phrases are 'low-sodium diet', 'sodium content' and 'reduce sodium intake'.
Examples
This soup contains 800 mg of sodium per serving, which is about 2 g of salt.
Bread is one of the biggest sources of sodium in the Turkish diet.
Usage note
Salt and sodium are not the same: 1 g of sodium equals about 2.5 g of salt.
Common phrases
sodium intake · low-sodium diet · high in sodium · sodium content
A substance that can protect cells from damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals. Examples include vitamins C and E, selenium and many plant compounds.
Where you use it
Used in biochemistry, research and food marketing. Scientists talk about 'oxidative stress' and 'antioxidant capacity'. Dietitians often point out that fruit and vegetables are rich in antioxidants, while high-dose antioxidant supplements have not shown the same benefits in trials.
Examples
Tomatoes contain lycopene, an antioxidant that is absorbed better when they are cooked.
The word antioxidant is used heavily in marketing, often with little scientific support.
One of the four vitamins, A, D, E and K, that dissolve in fat. They are absorbed together with dietary fat and can be stored in the liver and fatty tissue.
Where you use it
Used in physiology and clinical nutrition. Because they are stored, very high intakes, especially of vitamins A and D, can build up and become toxic. Conditions that reduce fat absorption can cause deficiencies. The other group is the water-soluble vitamins: the B group and vitamin C.
Examples
Patients with cystic fibrosis often need extra fat-soluble vitamins.
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin needed for normal blood clotting.
Common phrases
fat-soluble vitamins · water-soluble vitamins · vitamins A, D, E and K · vitamin toxicity
A B vitamin (B9) needed to make DNA and red blood cells. It occurs naturally in leafy greens and legumes; its synthetic form, folic acid, is used in supplements and fortified foods.
Where you use it
Especially important around pregnancy, because enough folate before conception and in early pregnancy lowers the risk of neural tube defects. Many countries fortify flour with folic acid. Professionals separate 'folate', the general and natural forms, from 'folic acid', the synthetic form.
Examples
Lentils, chickpeas and spinach are good natural sources of folate.
Low folate levels can cause a type of anemia with unusually large red blood cells.
A vitamin needed for healthy nerves, DNA and red blood cells. It is found naturally almost only in animal foods such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy.
Where you use it
Also called cobalamin. Deficiency is a concern for vegans, older adults, people who have had stomach surgery and people who take certain medicines such as metformin. It can cause anemia and nerve damage. Doctors measure B12 levels and may give it by injection or as tablets.
Examples
Absorption of vitamin B12 often decreases with age.
Vegans can get vitamin B12 from fortified plant drinks or supplements.
A mineral, such as sodium, potassium, chloride or magnesium, that carries an electric charge in body fluids and helps control fluid balance, nerves and muscles.
Where you use it
Used in hospitals, in sport and when people have vomiting or diarrhea. Doctors check 'electrolytes' in blood tests and talk about electrolyte imbalance. Athletes and patients may use oral rehydration solutions or sports drinks to replace lost electrolytes.
Examples
Long runs in hot weather can cause significant losses of electrolytes through sweat.
The patient's electrolytes were checked daily while feeding was restarted.
Describing a food to which vitamins or minerals have been added, often ones not naturally present, to improve nutrition, such as flour with folic acid or salt with iodine.
Where you use it
Common on labels and in public health. The noun is 'fortification': food fortification programs, such as iodized salt in Turkey, are a public health tool. 'Enriched' is a related term for adding back nutrients that were lost during processing.
Examples
Many breakfast cereals are fortified with iron and B vitamins.
Not all oat drinks are fortified, so their calcium content varies a lot.
Common phrases
fortified with · fortified foods · food fortification · fortified plant drinks · iodized salt
The proportion of a nutrient in food that the body can actually absorb and use. Two foods with the same amount of a nutrient on paper may differ greatly in this respect.
Where you use it
Common in research, supplement science and discussions about plant-based diets. Phytates in grains and legumes and oxalates in spinach can reduce the bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium. Soaking, sprouting and fermenting can improve it.
Examples
The calcium in spinach has low bioavailability because of its high oxalate content.
Fermenting dough reduces phytate and improves the bioavailability of minerals.
Common phrases
low bioavailability · high bioavailability · improve bioavailability · iron bioavailability
A unit for measuring the energy that food and drink provide and the body uses. On food labels and in nutrition, 'calorie' usually means a kilocalorie (kcal).
Where you use it
Used every day by dietitians and clients: people count calories, cut calories, burn calories and look at calories per serving. In scientific writing and on European labels you will also see kilojoules (kJ). 'Low-calorie' and 'high-calorie' are common adjectives.
Examples
A can of regular cola has around 140 calories and no other useful nutrients.
Instead of counting every calorie, let's focus on regular meals and portion sizes.
Usage note
Strictly, the 'calorie' on a food label is a kilocalorie (1,000 small calories). Scientists write kcal; everyday English just says calories.
The relationship between the energy a person takes in from food and drink and the energy the body uses. When the two are equal, body weight tends to stay stable.
Where you use it
A basic concept in weight management, sports nutrition and research. People talk about positive energy balance, when intake is higher than expenditure and weight goes up, and negative energy balance, when intake is lower. It is often explained as 'energy in' and 'energy out'.
Examples
During a growth spurt, teenagers need to be in a positive energy balance.
Energy balance is influenced by sleep, stress and medication, not just food and exercise.
Common phrases
positive energy balance · negative energy balance · energy intake · energy expenditure
A state in which a person takes in fewer calories than the body uses, so that the body draws on stored energy and body weight tends to go down.
Where you use it
Common in weight management, fitness and social media. People 'create', 'are in' or 'maintain' a calorie deficit; the opposite is a 'calorie surplus'. In scientific texts the same idea is usually called an 'energy deficit' or 'negative energy balance'.
Examples
A very large calorie deficit can lead to muscle loss and tiredness.
His food diary suggests he isn't actually in a calorie deficit on weekends.
Common phrases
create a calorie deficit · be in a calorie deficit · moderate calorie deficit · calorie surplus
The long-term process of reaching and keeping a body weight that supports health, through eating habits, physical activity, behavior change and, when needed, medical treatment.
Where you use it
A neutral, professional term used in clinics, programs and research instead of words like 'dieting'. You will see weight management services, programs and clinics. It covers weight loss, preventing weight gain and weight maintenance after loss.
Examples
She was referred to the weight management clinic by her family doctor.
Our weight management program combines nutrition sessions with group exercise.
A chronic condition in which a person has excess body fat that may harm their health. In adults it is commonly defined as a body mass index of 30 or more.
Where you use it
Used in medicine, public health and research, for example in 'childhood obesity', 'obesity rates' and 'obesity management'. Many professionals use person-first language, such as 'a person living with obesity' rather than 'an obese person'. The adjective is 'obese'.
Examples
Childhood obesity has increased in many countries over the last few decades.
Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.
Common phrases
childhood obesity · obesity rates · living with obesity · severe obesity · obesity management
The amount of energy the body uses at complete rest to keep basic functions such as breathing, circulation and cell repair going. It is usually the largest part of daily energy use.
Where you use it
Abbreviated BMR. Dietitians estimate it with equations such as Mifflin-St Jeor or Harris-Benedict, then multiply by an activity factor to estimate total energy needs. In practice, resting metabolic rate (RMR) is measured more often because it needs less strict conditions.
Examples
We estimated her basal metabolic rate with the Mifflin-St Jeor equation.
Muscle mass, age and sex all affect basal metabolic rate.
Common phrases
estimate basal metabolic rate · resting metabolic rate · total energy expenditure · activity factor
The proportions of fat, muscle, bone and water that make up a person's body. It gives more information about health than body weight alone.
Where you use it
Used in sports nutrition, obesity care and research. It is measured with methods such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), skinfold thickness and DEXA scans. Common phrases are 'body composition analysis' and 'changes in body composition'.
Examples
His weight hasn't changed, but his body composition analysis shows more muscle and less fat.
Hydration status can affect body composition results from bioelectrical impedance.
Common phrases
body composition analysis · measure body composition · changes in body composition · fat mass
The weight of everything in the body except stored fat, including muscle, bone, organs and water. It is closely linked to strength and energy needs.
Where you use it
Used in sports nutrition, aging and clinical care, often abbreviated LBM. Dietitians aim to 'preserve' or 'maintain' lean body mass during weight loss and illness. It is often used interchangeably with 'fat-free mass', although strictly speaking lean mass includes a small amount of essential fat.
Examples
Resistance training helps preserve lean body mass during weight loss.
Her lean body mass dropped by 3 kg during the hospital stay.
Common phrases
preserve lean body mass · fat-free mass · lean mass · loss of lean body mass
All the chemical processes in the body that turn food into energy and into the materials cells need, and that break down and remove waste.
Where you use it
Used in science and in everyday talk. Scientists speak of carbohydrate, fat or protein metabolism; clients often say they have a 'slow' or 'fast' metabolism. The adjective is 'metabolic', as in metabolic rate and metabolic syndrome.
Examples
Many clients blame a slow metabolism, but their food diary often tells a different story.
Thyroid hormones play a major role in regulating metabolism.
Common phrases
fast metabolism · slow metabolism · energy metabolism · glucose metabolism · metabolic rate
The process in which the mouth, stomach and intestines break food down into small molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and used by the body.
Where you use it
Used in physiology lessons and in client sessions. The verb is 'digest' and the adjective 'digestive', as in digestive system, digestive enzymes and digestive problems. Clients may complain of 'poor digestion' or 'indigestion', which means discomfort after eating.
Examples
Digestion of starch begins in the mouth, where saliva contains the enzyme amylase.
Large, late meals can make digestion uncomfortable for some people.
Common phrases
digestive system · aid digestion · poor digestion · digestive enzymes
The process by which digested nutrients pass from the intestine, mainly the small intestine, into the blood or lymph so the body can use them.
Where you use it
Very frequent in physiology and clinical nutrition. People talk about the absorption of iron, calcium or fat; something can 'increase', 'enhance', 'reduce' or 'inhibit' absorption. The verb is 'absorb'. Conditions that cause poor absorption are grouped as malabsorption.
Examples
Vitamin C improves the absorption of iron from plant foods.
Most nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine.
The amount of glucose in the blood at a given time. The body keeps it within a narrow range using hormones such as insulin and glucagon.
Where you use it
The everyday name for 'blood glucose', the more technical term used in medical notes and research. People say blood sugar 'rises', 'spikes', 'drops' or 'is under control'. Related terms are high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
Examples
Her blood sugar levels have been more stable since she started eating regular meals.
Low blood sugar can cause shaking, sweating and confusion.
Common phrases
blood sugar levels · high blood sugar · low blood sugar · blood sugar control · blood sugar spike
A hormone made by the pancreas that helps glucose move from the blood into cells, which lowers blood sugar. It also helps the body store energy as glycogen and fat.
Where you use it
Central in diabetes care and metabolism. You will hear 'insulin resistance', when cells respond poorly to insulin, 'insulin sensitivity', 'insulin levels' and 'insulin injections'. People with type 1 diabetes 'take' or 'inject' insulin and may adjust the dose to the carbohydrate in a meal.
Examples
Insulin resistance is common in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
She checks her blood sugar before each meal to work out her insulin dose.
Usage note
English speakers stress the first syllable: IN-su-lin. Turkish speakers often stress the last syllable instead.
The natural wish or desire to eat. It is influenced by hunger, but also by emotions, habits, illness, medication and the sight or smell of food.
Where you use it
Used by clinicians and clients alike. Patients may have a 'poor', 'reduced' or 'good' appetite, or 'lose their appetite'. The medical term for loss of appetite is 'anorexia', which is different from the eating disorder anorexia nervosa. Medicines that increase appetite are called 'appetite stimulants'.
Examples
His appetite has been poor since the operation, so we added two nourishing snacks a day.
Some medications can increase appetite and lead to weight gain.
Usage note
Don't confuse appetite with hunger: hunger is the physical need for food, while appetite is the desire to eat, which can exist without hunger.
Common phrases
poor appetite · loss of appetite · lose your appetite · appetite control · spoil your appetite
To change a substance into smaller, simpler parts through chemical processes, as when enzymes turn proteins into amino acids and starch into sugars.
Where you use it
Used constantly when explaining digestion and metabolism, in both active and passive forms: 'enzymes break down fat', 'fat is broken down into fatty acids'. The noun is 'breakdown', as in 'muscle breakdown' or 'the breakdown of glycogen'.
Examples
Enzymes in the small intestine break down proteins into amino acids.
When energy intake is very low, the body starts breaking down muscle for fuel.
Common phrases
break down food · break down fat · break down into · muscle breakdown
A scale from 0 to 100 that ranks carbohydrate foods by how quickly they raise blood sugar compared with pure glucose, which has a value of 100.
Where you use it
Abbreviated GI. Foods are called low GI (55 or less), medium GI or high GI (70 or more). Because GI ignores portion size, experts also use glycemic load (GL). It is used in diabetes care, sports nutrition and on some product labels.
Examples
White rice has a higher glycemic index than bulgur.
Adding fat, protein or fiber to a meal usually lowers its overall glycemic index.
Usage note
British English writes glycaemic; American English writes glycemic.
Common phrases
low glycemic index · high glycemic index · glycemic load · low-GI foods
The trillions of bacteria and other microorganisms that live in the digestive tract, mainly the large intestine, and help digest fiber, make some vitamins and support immunity.
Where you use it
A fast-growing research area. Scientists talk about the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota and how diet, antibiotics and illness change it. In everyday speech people say 'gut bacteria' or 'gut health'; 'gut flora' is an older term.
Examples
A diet rich in different plant foods is linked to a more diverse gut microbiota.
Antibiotics can disturb the gut microbiota for weeks or even months.
Usage note
Microbiota means the microorganisms themselves; microbiome usually means their genes or the whole community and its environment. In everyday use the two are often mixed up.
Common phrases
gut health · gut bacteria · microbiota diversity · gut flora
The feeling of fullness after eating that stops a person from feeling hungry again for some time. Protein, fiber and volume in a meal tend to increase it.
Where you use it
Used in research, weight management and food product development. Researchers measure satiety with rating scales and study hormones such as leptin and GLP-1. Clients usually just say 'I feel full' or 'it keeps me full'. 'Satiation' is the fullness that ends a meal.
Examples
High-protein breakfasts may improve satiety and reduce snacking later in the morning.
The study compared the satiety effects of whole apples and apple juice.
Usage note
Satiety is pronounced suh-TIE-uh-tee, not 'sa-ti-e-ty'.
To process a substance through the body's chemical reactions, for example to break down food for energy or to change a drug or alcohol into other compounds.
Where you use it
Common in physiology, pharmacology and sports science. You can say that the body, the liver or the muscles metabolize something, or that a substance 'is metabolized'. Clients sometimes say 'I don't metabolize carbs well', which is usually an informal claim rather than a diagnosis.
Examples
The liver metabolizes alcohol at a fairly fixed rate.
During long exercise, muscles metabolize more fat for fuel.
Usage note
British English often writes metabolise. Both spellings are correct.
Common phrases
metabolize glucose · metabolize fat · be metabolized by the liver · metabolize alcohol
Live microorganisms, usually bacteria or yeasts, that may benefit health when consumed in sufficient amounts. They are found in some fermented foods and in supplements.
Where you use it
Used as a noun (a probiotic, probiotics) and an adjective (probiotic yogurt). Effects depend on the strain, so researchers name strains precisely. 'Prebiotics' are fibers that feed beneficial gut bacteria; products that contain both are called 'synbiotics'.
Examples
Kefir and some yogurts contain probiotic bacteria.
The evidence for probiotics is strongest for specific strains in specific conditions.
A way of eating that includes a variety of foods from all the main food groups in suitable amounts, so that the body gets the energy and nutrients it needs.
Where you use it
A basic phrase in health education, school lessons and public health messages. People 'eat', 'follow' or 'maintain' a balanced diet. Dietitians often explain it with a plate model or a national guide that shows the food groups.
Examples
A balanced diet doesn't have to be boring; there are many ways to include all the food groups.
The workshop shows parents how to plan a balanced diet on a small budget.
Usage note
In English 'diet' often just means the food a person usually eats, so 'a balanced diet' is not a weight-loss diet.
Common phrases
eat a balanced diet · follow a balanced diet · part of a balanced diet · healthy, balanced diet
The amount of a food that a person actually serves themselves or eats at one time. It may be bigger or smaller than the serving size printed on the label.
Where you use it
Very common in counseling and weight management. Dietitians use household measures, such as cups, spoons and slices, or the hand, such as a palm of meat or a fist of rice, to estimate portion sizes. People talk about 'portion control' and portions 'getting bigger' over the years.
Examples
We used photos of plates to help her estimate portion size more accurately.
Restaurant portion sizes have grown a lot over the last thirty years.
Usage note
Portion size and serving size are often confused: a serving is a standard reference amount, while a portion is what you really eat.
Common phrases
portion control · reduce portion size · estimate portion size · large portion sizes
A written plan that shows what, when and how much a person will eat over a day or a week, usually prepared to meet specific health or energy needs.
Where you use it
Dietitians 'create', 'design' or 'tailor' a meal plan for a client; clients 'follow' or 'stick to' it. Good meal plans are described as personalized, flexible and realistic. 'Meal planning' also means deciding meals in advance at home to save time and money.
Examples
I'll email you a seven-day meal plan with a shopping list.
His meal plan includes three main meals and two small snacks.
Usage note
Turkish 'diyet listesi' is 'meal plan' or 'diet plan' in English. 'Diet list' sounds unnatural to native speakers.
Common phrases
create a meal plan · follow a meal plan · personalized meal plan · weekly meal plan · meal planning
A category of foods with similar nutrients, such as vegetables, fruit, grains, protein foods and dairy, used in guidelines to describe a balanced diet.
Where you use it
Common in public health education and meal planning. Dietitians check whether a meal plan 'includes all the food groups' or whether a client 'cuts out a whole food group'. The number and names of the groups differ between national guidelines.
Examples
Strict diets that cut out a whole food group can make it hard to meet nutrient needs.
The poster shows each food group in a different color on a plate.
Common phrases
main food groups · include all food groups · cut out a food group · food group servings
Describing a diet, meal or person that excludes meat, poultry and fish. Many vegetarians still eat eggs and dairy; as a noun, a vegetarian is a person who eats this way.
Where you use it
Used as an adjective (a vegetarian diet, vegetarian options) and a noun (She's a vegetarian). Types include lacto-ovo vegetarian, who eats eggs and dairy, and lacto-vegetarian; a pescatarian eats fish but not meat. Dietitians check vegetarian diets for iron, zinc, vitamin B12 and omega-3.
Examples
She has been vegetarian since university but still eats eggs and cheese.
The hospital menu offers a vegetarian option at every meal.
Describing a diet or lifestyle that avoids all animal products, including meat, fish, eggs, dairy and usually honey. As a noun, a vegan is a person who lives this way.
Where you use it
Used as an adjective (a vegan diet, vegan products) and a noun (He's a vegan). For many people it is an ethical choice that also affects clothing and cosmetics. Dietitians pay special attention to vitamin B12, which vegans get from fortified foods or supplements, as well as iodine, calcium and omega-3.
Examples
Vegan diets can meet nutrient needs, but they require careful planning for vitamin B12.
We now offer a vegan version of the lentil soup without butter.
Usage note
English says VEE-gun, with a long 'ee' sound, not 've-gan' as in Turkish.
Common phrases
vegan diet · go vegan · strict vegan · vegan alternative · vegan products
A small amount of food eaten between main meals, or a type of food that people often eat in this way, such as fruit, nuts, yogurt or crackers.
Where you use it
Used as a noun (a mid-morning snack, a healthy snack, snack foods) and a verb (to snack on something). In meal plans it is the equivalent of the Turkish 'ara öğün'. 'Snacking' can be neutral, but 'mindless snacking' describes eating without paying attention.
Examples
Her afternoon snack is usually a piece of fruit and a few walnuts.
He tends to snack on chips while watching TV late at night.
To eat, drink or use less of something, without stopping completely. It describes a softer, more realistic goal than cutting something out of the diet.
Where you use it
Very common in counseling, health campaigns and everyday speech: cut down on salt, sugar, alcohol or fried food. The related phrasal verb 'cut out' means to stop eating something completely, and 'cut back on' has almost the same meaning as 'cut down on'.
Examples
He has already cut down on sugary drinks, from five cans a day to one.
Cutting down on salt can be hard at first because food tastes bland.
Usage note
Turkish speakers sometimes say 'decrease sugar'. Native speakers usually prefer 'cut down on sugar' or 'reduce your sugar intake'.
Common phrases
cut down on salt · cut down on sugar · cut down on alcohol · cut back on · cut out
Describing a food that provides a lot of vitamins, minerals, protein or fiber compared with the number of calories it contains.
Where you use it
Common in guidelines and counseling, especially for older adults, children and people with small appetites. Vegetables, fruit, legumes, whole grains, eggs, fish and yogurt are typical examples. The noun is 'nutrient density'; the opposite idea is 'empty calories'.
Examples
For patients with a poor appetite, every bite should be as nutrient-dense as possible.
Lentil soup is a cheap, nutrient-dense option for school lunches.
A grain such as wheat, oats, barley or brown rice that still contains all three parts of the kernel: the bran, the germ and the endosperm.
Where you use it
Used as a noun (whole grains) and before a noun (whole grain bread, whole grain pasta). British English often says 'wholegrain' or 'wholemeal'. Dietitians teach clients to check the ingredient list, because a brown color does not always mean a product is whole grain.
Examples
Bulgur and oats are affordable whole grain options.
This 'brown bread' is made mostly from white flour, so it isn't really whole grain.
An industrial food product made mostly from refined ingredients and additives, such as many soft drinks, packaged snacks, instant noodles and processed meats. The term comes from the NOVA classification.
Where you use it
A widely discussed term in research, public health and the media, often shortened to UPF. NOVA puts foods into four groups by their level of processing; ultra-processed foods are group 4. Researchers debate whether the processing itself or the nutrient profile explains the health effects.
Examples
Ultra-processed food makes up more than half of energy intake in some high-income countries.
Not every packaged product is ultra-processed food; plain yogurt and canned chickpeas are not.
Common phrases
UPF · highly processed · NOVA classification · processed meat
A traditional eating pattern of countries around the Mediterranean, rich in vegetables, fruit, legumes, whole grains, nuts, olive oil and fish, with moderate dairy and little red meat.
Where you use it
Often mentioned in research on heart health, diabetes and healthy aging, including the PREDIMED trial. People 'follow' or 'adhere to' a Mediterranean diet, and researchers measure this with adherence scores. It is described as an eating pattern rather than a strict diet.
Examples
Many traditional Aegean dishes fit perfectly into a Mediterranean diet.
Participants with higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet had fewer cardiovascular events.
Common phrases
follow a Mediterranean diet · Mediterranean diet score · adherence to the Mediterranean diet · Mediterranean-style diet
An eating pattern that switches between periods of eating and periods of fasting or very low intake, such as eating only within an eight-hour window each day.
Where you use it
Popular in the media and studied in research. Common forms are time-restricted eating, such as 16:8 (said 'sixteen eight'), and the 5:2 diet. Studies generally show weight loss similar to other calorie-reduced diets. Professionals often use 'IF' as a short form.
Examples
Intermittent fasting may not be suitable for people with a history of eating disorders.
He tried intermittent fasting but found it hard to fit around his night shifts.
Describing a diet or food that comes mainly or entirely from plants, such as vegetables, fruit, grains, legumes, nuts and seeds. It may or may not include small amounts of animal foods.
Where you use it
Widely used in research, guidelines and food marketing: plant-based diet, plant-based protein, plant-based milk alternatives. It is broader and less strict than 'vegan'. In marketing, 'plant-based' products can still be highly processed.
Examples
Depending on the definition, a plant-based diet can still include some fish and dairy.
The hospital added more plant-based protein dishes, such as chickpea stew, to the menu.
A condition caused by a diet that does not match the body's needs. It usually means undernutrition, but in global health it also covers overweight, obesity and micronutrient deficiencies.
Where you use it
A major issue in hospitals, care homes and public health. Patients are 'screened for malnutrition' with tools such as MUST or NRS-2002, and staff talk about 'disease-related malnutrition' and patients 'at risk of malnutrition'. The adjective is 'malnourished'.
Examples
All patients are screened for malnutrition within 24 hours of admission.
Malnutrition slows wound healing and increases the length of hospital stay.
Common phrases
risk of malnutrition · screen for malnutrition · disease-related malnutrition · severe acute malnutrition
A harmful reaction of the immune system to a specific food protein, such as those in peanuts, milk or eggs. Symptoms can range from a rash to a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis.
Where you use it
Used in clinics, schools, restaurants and food labeling. People 'have', 'develop' or 'outgrow' a food allergy, and are 'allergic to' a food. It is diagnosed by doctors, often allergists, with tests and supervised food challenges; dietitians then help plan safe, adequate meals.
Examples
Her son has a severe food allergy to tree nuts, so the school kitchen keeps a separate menu for him.
Cow's milk protein allergy is one of the most common food allergies in babies.
Usage note
A food allergy involves the immune system; a food intolerance does not. Clients often use 'allergy' loosely for both.
Common phrases
severe food allergy · have a food allergy · outgrow a food allergy · allergic reaction
Difficulty digesting or reacting to a food that does not involve the immune system, such as lactose intolerance. Symptoms are usually digestive and depend on the amount eaten.
Where you use it
Common in clinics and in client language. People say 'I have a lactose intolerance' or 'I'm intolerant to wheat'. Dietitians separate true intolerances from food allergies and from conditions such as celiac disease, and may use a supervised elimination diet to identify trigger foods.
Examples
Lactose intolerance is a common food intolerance, and many people can still manage small amounts of yogurt.
Commercial food intolerance tests sold online are not supported by good evidence.
Not containing gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley and rye. In the EU and the US, a food labeled gluten-free must keep gluten below a legal limit of about 20 mg per kg.
Where you use it
Used on labels, menus and in clinical diets. A strict gluten-free diet is the main treatment for celiac disease. Dietitians also discuss cross-contamination, hidden gluten and naturally gluten-free foods such as rice, potatoes and buckwheat.
Examples
The bakery's gluten-free bread is made in a separate area to avoid cross-contamination.
Starting a gluten-free diet before diagnosis can make tests for celiac disease less reliable.
The branch of nutrition that deals with preventing, diagnosing and managing nutrition-related problems in patients, especially in hospitals, clinics and long-term care.
Where you use it
Used for a field of work, a job area and a team: clinical nutrition department, clinical nutrition team, clinical nutrition guidelines. It includes therapeutic diets, enteral and parenteral nutrition and nutrition support. ESPEN is the main European society in this area.
Examples
After graduating, she specialized in clinical nutrition and now works in intensive care.
The clinical nutrition team reviews every patient on tube feeding twice a week.
Common phrases
clinical nutrition team · clinical nutrition guidelines · specialize in clinical nutrition · nutrition support
A long-term condition in which the body does not respond well to insulin or does not make enough of it, so blood sugar stays higher than normal. It is the most common type of diabetes.
Where you use it
One of the main conditions dietitians work with. People are 'diagnosed with' or 'living with' type 2 diabetes, and the aim is to 'manage' or 'control' it. Key words around it are HbA1c, prediabetes, carbohydrate counting and remission. In speech people say 'type two diabetes'.
Examples
He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes last year and was referred to our clinic.
Weight loss can lead to remission of type 2 diabetes in some people.
Common phrases
diagnosed with type 2 diabetes · manage type 2 diabetes · risk of type 2 diabetes · prediabetes
Nutrition treatment for a specific disease or condition, such as diabetes or kidney disease, planned and monitored by a registered dietitian as part of medical care.
Where you use it
Abbreviated MNT, a term used especially in the US, where some health insurance plans cover it for certain conditions. It follows the Nutrition Care Process: assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring and evaluation. Dietitians 'provide' or 'deliver' MNT.
Examples
Medical nutrition therapy for chronic kidney disease often involves adjusting protein, potassium and phosphorus.
Her insurance covers three sessions of medical nutrition therapy a year.
Common phrases
provide medical nutrition therapy · MNT for diabetes · medical nutrition therapy sessions · therapeutic diet
Feeding that uses the digestive tract, usually through a tube into the stomach or small intestine, for patients who cannot eat enough by mouth. Some definitions also include oral nutritional supplements.
Where you use it
Used in hospitals, intensive care and home care. In everyday ward language it is called 'tube feeding'. Common tubes are nasogastric (NG) and PEG tubes. Staff talk about the feeding regimen, the feed rate, 'starting' or 'stopping' feeds and 'feeding intolerance'.
Examples
Enteral nutrition was started within 48 hours of admission to intensive care.
When the gut works, enteral nutrition is generally preferred over parenteral nutrition.
Feeding given directly into a vein, bypassing the digestive system, for patients whose gut cannot be used or cannot absorb enough nutrients.
Where you use it
Abbreviated PN; when it covers all of a patient's needs it is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN). It is planned by a nutrition support team and given through a central or peripheral line. Staff monitor blood glucose, electrolytes, liver function and signs of infection.
Examples
After bowel surgery, she needed parenteral nutrition for two weeks.
Parenteral nutrition carries a higher risk of infection than tube feeding.
Common phrases
total parenteral nutrition · TPN · start parenteral nutrition · nutrition support team · central line
An autoimmune condition in which eating gluten damages the lining of the small intestine and reduces the absorption of nutrients. It is managed with a strict lifelong gluten-free diet.
Where you use it
Diagnosed by doctors with blood tests and usually an intestinal biopsy, done while the person is still eating gluten. Dietitians help patients learn about hidden gluten, cross-contamination, label reading and possible nutrient gaps. People with the condition may describe themselves as 'celiac'.
Examples
Celiac disease affects about one in a hundred people, but many cases are never diagnosed.
After her diagnosis of celiac disease, she met the dietitian to learn about gluten-free shopping.
Usage note
British English writes coeliac disease. Both spellings are pronounced SEE-lee-ak.
A serious mental health condition involving harmful eating behaviors and strong concerns about food, weight or body shape, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder.
Where you use it
Treated by a multidisciplinary team that includes psychiatrists, psychologists, doctors and specialist dietitians. Professionals use careful, non-judgmental language and avoid focusing on numbers such as calories or weight in front of patients. ARFID is another recognized diagnosis.
Examples
She works as a specialist dietitian in an eating disorder service for adolescents.
Eating disorders can affect people of any age, gender or body size.
Common phrases
eating disorder service · develop an eating disorder · recovery from an eating disorder · disordered eating
A systematic process in which a dietitian collects and interprets information about a person's diet, body measurements, medical history and lab results to identify nutrition problems.
Where you use it
The first step of the Nutrition Care Process used by many dietitians. A full assessment is often remembered as ABCD: anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary data. Dietitians 'carry out', 'complete' or 'document' a nutrition assessment, usually after a screening tool shows risk.
Examples
Please complete a nutrition assessment for the patient in bed 4 before the ward round.
The nutrition assessment showed recent weight loss and a poor appetite.
Usage note
Screening is a quick check to find people at risk; assessment is the detailed evaluation that follows.
Common phrases
carry out a nutrition assessment · initial nutrition assessment · comprehensive nutrition assessment · nutrition screening
Body mass index: a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of their height in meters. It is used to classify adult weight as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obesity.
Where you use it
Used in clinics, research and public health. People say 'a BMI of 27' or 'her BMI is 31', reading each letter: B-M-I. According to the WHO, an adult BMI of 25 to 29.9 is overweight and 30 or more is obesity. Professionals note that BMI does not show body fat or where it is stored.
Examples
Her BMI is 23, which is in the normal range, but her waist circumference is high.
For children, BMI is compared with growth charts for age and sex.
Common phrases
calculate BMI · high BMI · BMI of 30 or above · BMI category
The food, drink and nutrients that a person actually consumes over a period of time, such as a day, a week or a typical month.
Where you use it
A central idea in assessment and research. Dietitians 'assess', 'estimate', 'record' or 'analyze' dietary intake using food diaries, 24-hour recalls and questionnaires. You will also see 'intake' after a nutrient: protein intake, salt intake, fluid intake.
Examples
We assessed dietary intake using three-day food records.
His dietary intake has dropped since he started chemotherapy.
A written or digital record in which a person notes everything they eat and drink over a few days, often with times, amounts and how they felt.
Where you use it
A standard tool in counseling and research, also called a food record or food log. Dietitians ask clients to 'keep' or 'fill in' a food diary, often for three days including a weekend day. It helps reveal patterns, but people often under-report what they eat.
Examples
Could you keep a food diary for three days, including one day on the weekend?
Her food diary showed long gaps between meals and large evening portions.
Common phrases
keep a food diary · fill in a food diary · three-day food diary · food record · food log
The condition of a person's health as it is affected by their intake and use of nutrients, judged from body measurements, diet, clinical signs and lab tests.
Where you use it
A key phrase in clinical notes and research. Professionals 'assess', 'monitor' or 'improve' nutritional status, which can be described as good, poor, adequate or compromised. It is what a nutrition assessment sets out to measure. 'Nutrition status' is also used.
Examples
Poor nutritional status before surgery is linked to more complications.
We will monitor his nutritional status weekly during radiotherapy.
Common phrases
assess nutritional status · poor nutritional status · improve nutritional status · monitor nutritional status
A measurement around the waist, usually taken midway between the lowest rib and the top of the hip bone, used to estimate fat stored around the abdomen.
Where you use it
Used with BMI in clinics and research because abdominal fat is linked to heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Cut-off points differ by sex and ethnic group. Related measures are waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio. Staff 'measure' or 'record' waist circumference.
Examples
Waist circumference was measured at the end of a normal breath out.
Even with a normal BMI, a large waist circumference can point to a higher health risk.
Common phrases
measure waist circumference · waist-to-hip ratio · waist-to-height ratio · abdominal obesity
Measurements of the size and proportions of the body, such as height, weight, waist circumference, skinfold thickness and mid-upper arm circumference, used to assess nutrition and growth.
Where you use it
The 'A' in the ABCD of nutrition assessment. Dietitians 'take', 'record' and 'interpret' anthropometric measurements and compare them with reference values or growth charts. 'Anthropometry' is the name of the method itself.
Examples
Anthropometric measurements are taken at every clinic visit to track the child's growth.
For bedbound patients, we use mid-upper arm circumference when standard anthropometric measurements are not possible.
Common phrases
take anthropometric measurements · anthropometric data · anthropometry · growth charts
An interview in which a trained person asks someone to describe everything they ate and drank during the previous 24 hours or the previous day, including amounts and preparation.
Where you use it
A standard method of dietary assessment in clinics and surveys. It is quick but depends on memory, and one day may not be typical, so researchers often repeat it. The multiple-pass method uses several rounds of questions to reduce forgotten items. Food photos and portion models help estimate amounts.
Examples
Let's do a quick 24-hour recall: what was the first thing you ate or drank yesterday?
Two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls were collected from each participant.
Common phrases
conduct a 24-hour recall · multiple-pass 24-hour recall · repeated 24-hour recalls · food frequency questionnaire
The panel on packaged food that lists the energy and the amounts of nutrients, such as fat, carbohydrate, sugar, protein and salt, usually per 100 g and per serving.
Where you use it
Dietitians teach clients to 'read', 'check' or 'compare' nutrition labels. In the US the official panel is called the Nutrition Facts label; EU and Turkish rules call it the nutrition declaration. Some countries add front-of-pack labels with colors or logos.
Examples
Let's compare the nutrition labels on these two breakfast cereals.
The nutrition label shows 1.8 g of salt per 100 g, which is quite high for bread.
A standard amount of a food, such as one cup or 30 grams, used on a nutrition label or in guidelines so that nutrient values can be shown and compared.
Where you use it
Seen on every Nutrition Facts label, next to 'servings per container'. Dietitians remind clients that the serving size is set by the manufacturer or by law, so it may be smaller than what people really eat. In dietary guidelines, servings are used to count food groups.
Examples
The serving size on this bag of chips is 25 grams, but most people eat the whole 150-gram bag.
Check the serving size before you compare the sugar content of two products.
Common phrases
servings per container · standard serving · per serving · recommended servings
The part of a food label that names every ingredient in the product, listed in descending order of weight, so the main ingredient comes first.
Where you use it
Dietitians teach clients to read the ingredient list to find added sugars, whole grains, allergens or additives. On packaging it usually starts with the word 'Ingredients:'. Allergens are often highlighted, for example in bold.
Examples
If sugar is first on the ingredient list, there is more sugar in the product than any other ingredient.
Check the ingredient list for milk powder or whey, which both contain milk protein.
Common phrases
read the ingredient list · check the ingredient list · first on the ingredient list · full ingredient list
A substance, usually a protein, that can cause an allergic reaction. In food labeling, it refers to specific foods such as peanuts, milk, eggs, fish, wheat or sesame.
Where you use it
Common in food service, labeling and clinical practice. EU and Turkish rules list 14 major allergens that must be emphasized on labels; the US lists nine. Restaurants keep 'allergen information' or an 'allergen matrix', and labels may say 'may contain traces of nuts'.
Examples
The new sauce contains mustard, so we need to update the allergen information on the menu.
Sesame is now one of the major allergens that must be declared on food labels in the US.
Common phrases
major allergens · allergen information · allergen labeling · allergen-free · may contain
A reference amount of a nutrient used on US Nutrition Facts labels. The percent daily value (%DV) shows how much one serving provides toward a typical day's needs.
Where you use it
Abbreviated DV and usually seen as %DV. As a quick guide, 5% DV or less of a nutrient is considered low and 20% or more is high. It is based on a 2,000-calorie diet. On EU and Turkish labels the similar idea is the 'reference intake' (RI).
Examples
One slice of this cheese gives you 15% of the daily value for calcium.
Students practiced reading the percent daily value for sodium on different soups.
Common phrases
percent daily value · %DV · daily value for · reference intake
Sugars and syrups put into foods and drinks during processing or preparation, such as table sugar, honey and corn syrup, as opposed to the sugars naturally found in whole fruit and milk.
Where you use it
Shown as a separate line, 'Includes Added Sugars', on US labels. The WHO uses the wider term 'free sugars', which also covers the sugars in fruit juice, and recommends keeping them below 10% of energy intake. Dietitians talk about hidden added sugars in sauces and drinks.
Examples
Flavored yogurts can contain a surprising amount of added sugar.
The new rules limit added sugar in products sold in school canteens.
Common phrases
high in added sugar · free sugars · hidden sugars · sugar-sweetened beverages
Recommended Dietary Allowance: the average daily intake of a nutrient that is enough to meet the needs of nearly all healthy people (about 97–98%) of a given age and sex.
Where you use it
Part of the US and Canadian Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), together with values such as the Adequate Intake (AI) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). People still use 'RDA' loosely for any daily recommendation. It is read letter by letter: R-D-A.
Examples
The RDA for vitamin C is higher for smokers than for non-smokers.
His protein intake is well above the RDA of 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight.
Common phrases
meet the RDA · above the RDA · Dietary Reference Intakes · upper intake level
A statement on a food label or in advertising that links a food or nutrient to health, such as 'calcium is needed for the maintenance of normal bones'.
Where you use it
Strictly regulated: in the EU and Turkey only authorized health claims may be used, and in the US the FDA controls them. A 'nutrition claim' is different: it describes content, such as 'low fat' or 'high in fiber'. Dietitians help clients look critically at claims on packaging.
Examples
The company had to remove the health claim because it was not on the authorized list.
A health claim on the front of a pack does not mean the whole product is healthy.
Common phrases
authorized health claim · make a health claim · nutrition claim · misleading claims
Official, evidence-based recommendations from a government or health authority on what the population should eat to stay healthy and reduce the risk of disease.
Where you use it
Examples are the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the UK's Eatwell Guide and the Turkey Dietary Guidelines (TÜBER). They are often shown as a plate or a pyramid. Professionals say a diet is 'in line with', 'meets' or 'exceeds' the guidelines.
Examples
Most teenagers in the survey ate far less fruit and vegetables than the dietary guidelines recommend.
The school menu was updated to follow the national dietary guidelines.
Common phrases
national dietary guidelines · follow dietary guidelines · in line with the guidelines · food-based dietary guidelines
A qualified health professional who has studied nutrition and dietetics at university and uses this knowledge to assess, advise and treat people, including patients with medical conditions.
Where you use it
Used in hospitals, clinics, schools and private practice. Common US titles are registered dietitian (RD) and registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN); by specialty you will hear clinical, renal or sports dietitian. Doctors 'refer' patients to a dietitian, and people 'see' or 'consult' one.
Examples
The dietitian adjusted his meal plan after the latest kidney function results.
I've been working as a clinical dietitian on an oncology ward for five years.
Usage note
Both 'dietitian' and 'dietician' are found, but 'dietitian' is the official spelling used by professional bodies.
Common phrases
registered dietitian · clinical dietitian · see a dietitian · refer to a dietitian · sports dietitian
A person who gives advice or does research on food and nutrition. Depending on the country, the title may or may not require a specific degree or registration.
Where you use it
Used in public health, research, the food industry, sport and the media. In the UK 'dietitian' is a protected title while 'nutritionist' generally is not, although qualified nutritionists can join a voluntary register. Job adverts may ask for a 'public health nutritionist' or a 'sports nutritionist'.
Examples
The company hired a nutritionist to review the nutrient content of its school meals.
As a public health nutritionist, she designs programs to reduce salt intake.
Usage note
When you translate 'diyetisyen' into English, use 'dietitian'. 'Nutritionist' may suggest a different, sometimes less regulated, role.
Common phrases
public health nutritionist · sports nutritionist · registered nutritionist · qualified nutritionist
A supportive conversation, usually over several sessions, in which a dietitian helps a person understand their eating, set goals and make lasting changes that suit their health and lifestyle.
Where you use it
Used in clinics, private practice and health programs. Dietitians 'provide' or 'offer' nutrition counseling; clients 'receive' or 'attend' it. Good counseling is client-centered and uses skills like active listening, open questions and goal setting rather than just handing out a diet sheet.
Examples
The program offers six sessions of individual nutrition counseling over three months.
Group nutrition counseling works well for new mothers who want to share experiences.
Usage note
American English writes counseling and counselor; British English writes counselling and counsellor.
Common phrases
provide nutrition counseling · individual nutrition counseling · group counseling · counseling session
The usual ways a person eats: what, when, where, how much and how fast they eat, together with the routines and feelings connected with food.
Where you use it
Very common in counseling, research and public health. People 'change', 'improve', 'develop' or 'break' eating habits, which can be described as healthy, poor, irregular or long-standing. Children's eating habits are a major topic for parents and schools.
Examples
We started by talking about her eating habits at work, where she often skips lunch.
Eating habits formed in childhood often continue into adult life.
The degree to which a person actually follows an agreed treatment, diet or plan over time, such as eating according to a meal plan or taking supplements as prescribed.
Where you use it
Common in research and clinical notes: dietary adherence, adherence to a gluten-free diet, poor or good adherence. Many professionals prefer 'adherence' to the older word 'compliance', because it suggests partnership rather than obedience. The verb is 'adhere to'.
Examples
Long-term adherence is the biggest challenge in most weight-loss trials.
We discussed what makes adherence to the low-potassium diet difficult at family meals.
Common phrases
dietary adherence · poor adherence · improve adherence · adherence to a diet
To continue following a plan, diet, rule or decision without stopping or changing it, even when it becomes difficult.
Where you use it
The everyday, spoken way to talk about adherence. Clients say 'I can't stick to diets' or 'I stuck to the plan for two weeks'. Dietitians ask what would make a plan 'easier to stick to'. The past form is 'stuck to'.
Examples
What would make this plan easier for you to stick to during the work week?
Strict diets are hard to stick to, so we focus on small changes.
Common phrases
stick to a plan · stick to a diet · easy to stick to · stick with it
A client-centered counseling style that helps people explore their own reasons for change and resolve mixed feelings about it, rather than telling them what to do.
Where you use it
Abbreviated MI and widely taught to dietitians and other health professionals. Its core skills are often summarized as OARS: open questions, affirmations, reflections and summaries. Practitioners listen for 'change talk' and avoid arguing, which tends to increase resistance.
Examples
Using motivational interviewing, she asked the client what he would gain from cooking at home more often.
All new dietitians on the team attend a two-day motivational interviewing workshop.
The process of changing habits and actions, such as how a person shops, cooks or eats, in a way that lasts over time. In nutrition it is often the main goal of counseling.
Where you use it
Used in counseling, public health and research, in phrases like 'behavior change techniques' and 'behavior change model'. Dietitians use tools such as goal setting, self-monitoring and problem solving. The stages of change model describes readiness, from 'precontemplation' to 'maintenance'.
Examples
Small, specific goals are more likely to lead to lasting behavior change.
The program uses behavior change techniques such as self-monitoring and planning.
Usage note
British English writes behaviour change.
Common phrases
behavior change techniques · lasting behavior change · support behavior change · stages of change
Ten questions from this glossary. Pick the right meaning for each term and see your score.
How to learn nutrition & dietetics vocabulary
Learn each word together with the verbs professionals use with it: assess nutritional status, meet nutrient needs, follow a meal plan, cut down on salt, refer a patient to a dietitian, start enteral nutrition. These partnerships make your English sound natural much faster than single words.
Read real texts from the field in English, such as clinical nutrition guidelines, national dietary guidelines, WHO fact sheets, abstracts in nutrition journals and the labels on imported food, and notice how intakes, limits and results are written.
Practice saying numbers and units aloud: '1.2 grams of protein per kilogram per day', 'two thousand kilocalories', 'ten micrograms of vitamin D', 'a BMI of twenty-four point five'. Remember that English uses a decimal point, not a comma.
Learn two ways to say the same thing: a technical word for colleagues and notes (hyperglycemia, enteral nutrition, adherence) and a simple one for clients (high blood sugar, tube feeding, sticking to the plan). Good dietitians switch between them depending on who is listening.
Choose one spelling system and keep to it in a document: American English writes fiber, counseling, behavior, glycemic, anemia and celiac, while British English writes fibre, counselling, behaviour, glycaemic, anaemia and coeliac.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?
A dietitian is a health professional with a university degree in nutrition and dietetics who can work with patients, including people with medical conditions, in hospitals and clinics. In many countries, such as the UK and the US, 'dietitian' is a regulated title. 'Nutritionist' is a broader word for people who work in nutrition, for example in research, public health or the food industry, and in some countries anyone can use it. The Turkish word 'diyetisyen' is translated as 'dietitian'.
How do I say 'diyet listesi', 'ara öğün' and 'danışan' in English?
'Diyet listesi' is a 'meal plan' or 'diet plan'; 'diet list' sounds unnatural. 'Ara öğün' is a 'snack', and you can be specific with 'mid-morning snack' or 'afternoon snack', while the main meals are breakfast, lunch and dinner. 'Danışan' is usually 'client' in private practice and community settings, and 'patient' in hospitals.
Does 'diet' always mean eating less to lose weight?
No. In professional English 'diet' usually means everything a person regularly eats and drinks, so 'a healthy diet', 'a vegetarian diet' or 'the Turkish diet' have nothing to do with weight loss. The weight-loss meaning appears in phrases like 'go on a diet' or 'be on a diet'. Many dietitians prefer neutral expressions such as 'eating pattern' or 'eating habits' when they talk with clients.
Are calories and kilocalories the same thing?
In everyday nutrition, yes. The 'calorie' on a food label is really a kilocalorie (kcal), which equals 1,000 small calories. Scientists and clinical documents write kcal, while clients and the media simply say calories. European labels also show energy in kilojoules (kJ); 1 kcal is about 4.2 kJ.
How can I improve my English for nutrition and dietetics?
Read real texts from the field every week: short articles in nutrition journals, clinical guidelines, WHO fact sheets and national dietary guidelines. Practice explaining a meal plan or a lab result out loud in simple English, as you would to a client. Before a conference, job interview or international placement, prepare short answers about your clinical experience, the assessment methods you use and how you support behavior change.
