يسرد الماضي البسيط الأحداث بترتيبها عادةً. ويسمح التام بالعودة إلى ما سبق اللحظة التي تتحدث عنها، لذا يُسمى أحيانًا ماضي الماضي.
لا تحتاجه لكل حدث سابق؛ إذا أوضحت before/after أو ترتيب السرد التسلسل، كفى البسيط غالبًا. تظهر أهميته عندما تذكر الأقدم ثانيًا أو يغيّر الزمن المعنى.
تركيب الماضي التام
had مع كل الفواعل، ثم التصريف الثالث للفعل.
| النوع | التركيب | مثال بالإنجليزية |
|---|---|---|
| الإثبات | الفاعل + had + التصريف الثالث | I had finished my work. She had already left. |
| النفي | الفاعل + had not (hadn't) + التصريف الثالث | We hadn't eaten all day. He hadn't seen the email. |
| السؤال | (أداة استفهام +) had + الفاعل + التصريف الثالث? | Had you met her before? Why had they left so early? |
| الإجابات القصيرة | Yes, الفاعل + had. / No, الفاعل + hadn't. | Yes, I had. No, they hadn't. |
- الاختصارات I'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, we'd, they'd وhadn't شائعة في الكلام والكتابة غير الرسمية.
- قد تعني I'd عبارة I had أو I would: I'd seen تتبعها صيغة ثالثة فهي had؛ I'd see تتبعها صيغة مجردة فهي would.
- قد تكون had فعلًا رئيسيًا، لذا had had صحيحة: We had had a long day, so we went to bed early.
- التصريف الثالث المنتظم بـ -ed: finished؛ وللشاذ: gone, seen, written, eaten؛ وget → gotten أمريكيًا أو got بريطانيًا.
- لنشاط أطول استمر حتى لحظة ماضية يمكن استخدام التام المستمر had been + -ing: Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
متى نستخدم الماضي التام؟
الأسبق من حدثين ماضيين
التام للأول والبسيط للثاني؛ يوضح ذلك الترتيب حتى عند ذكر الأقدم ثانيًا.
- When I got to the station, the train had left.
- I finally found the keys I had lost the week before.
- We had already eaten when Tom arrived with pizza.
اكتمال قبل لحظة ماضية
مع by the time وby then وby + وقت لتحديد لحظة كان الفعل قد اكتمل قبلها؛ وتشيع already وjust.
- By the time we got to the beach, the sun had gone down.
- By 2015, she had written three novels.
- I had just closed my laptop when my boss called.
تفسير وضع ماضٍ
يعطي خلفية أو سبب الحالة الماضية ببيان ما وقع قبلها.
- She was upset because she had failed her driving test.
- The streets were wet. It had rained during the night.
- He couldn't pay because he had left his wallet at home.
تجارب حتى لحظة ماضية
كما يصف التام المضارع الخبرة حتى الآن، يصف التام الماضي الخبرة حتى وقت ماضٍ؛ مع never, ever, before وIt was the first time.
- Before that trip, I had never been on a plane.
- It was the first time she had driven in snow.
- Had you ever played golf before that day?
before وafter وwhen
before/after توضحان الترتيب فالتام اختياري. مع when يدل البسيطان على تعاقب، والتام على اكتمال فعل قبل الآخر.
- After she had finished the exam, she went for a walk. (After she finished is also correct.)
- When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking. (First the teacher came in; then they stopped.)
- When the teacher came in, the students had stopped talking. (They were already quiet.)
الكلام المنقول والشرط والتمني
يتحول البسيط الماضي والتام المضارع كثيرًا إلى التام الماضي في الكلام المنقول. ويُستخدم أيضًا في الشرط الثالث لماضٍ بديل، وبعد wish للندم.
- "I've lost my phone." → Maria said she had lost her phone.
- If I had known about the traffic, I would have taken the train.
- I wish I had studied harder in high school.
كلمات وتعبيرات مرتبطة بالقاعدة
- by the time
- by then
- already
- just
- never
- ever
- before
- after
- when
- until
- as soon as
- earlier
- the first time
- yet
الكلمات قرائن وليست قواعد. before وafter وas soon as توضح الترتيب فيكفي البسيط غالبًا. by the time وIt was the first time تأتيان عادةً مع التام الماضي.
أمثلة
الإثبات
- By the time I woke up, my roommate had already left for work.
- We had just sat down when the phone rang.
- I recognized the song because I had heard it on the radio.
- They had lived in Chicago for ten years before they moved to Denver.
النفي
- I hadn't seen him for years, so I didn't recognize him at first.
- She hadn't finished her report when the meeting started.
- We were hungry because we hadn't eaten since breakfast.
- He had never flown before, so he was a little nervous.
الأسئلة
- Had you ever been to Mexico before that trip?
- Had the movie started when you got there?
- What had happened before the police arrived?
- How long had they known each other when they got married?
الماضي التام أم الماضي البسيط؟
had started يعني أننا فاتتنا بداية الفيلم؛ started مع when يعني أنه بدأ بعد وصولنا. had cooked تعني أن العشاء كان جاهزًا؛ cooked أنه بدأ بعد عودتي. had lost يفسر عدم القدرة على الدخول سابقًا؛ lost on the bus last week حدث واحد. after she had paid تشدد على اكتمال الدفع؛ after she paid صحيحة أيضًا لأن after توضح الترتيب.
| الماضي التام | الماضي البسيط |
|---|---|
| When we arrived, the movie had started. (فاتتنا البداية) | When we arrived, the movie started. (بدأ فور وصولنا) |
| When I got home, Dad had cooked dinner. (كان العشاء جاهزًا) | When I got home, Dad cooked dinner. (بدأ الطبخ بعد عودتي) |
| I couldn't get in because I had lost my keys. (الحدث الأسبق يفسر وضعًا ماضيًا) | I lost my keys on the bus last week. (حدث واحد في وقت منتهٍ) |
| After she had paid, she left. (صحيح؛ يؤكد اكتمال الدفع) | After she paid, she left. (صحيح أيضًا؛ after توضح الترتيب) |
أخطاء شائعة وسبب التصحيح
- خطأWhen I arrived at the station, the train already left.صوابWhen I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
غادر القطار قبل وصولي؛ الحدث الأسبق يحتاج التام الماضي.
- خطأA long time ago, my family had lived in a small village.صوابA long time ago, my family lived in a small village.
التام لا يعني منذ زمن بعيد؛ لوضع ماضٍ واحد دون نقطة ماضية لاحقة استخدم البسيط.
- خطأShe had went home before the party ended.صوابShe had gone home before the party ended.
بعد had استخدم التصريف الثالث gone لا went.
- خطأHe has already left when I called him.صوابHe had already left when I called him.
نقطة الرجوع when I called ماضية، فنستخدم had لا has.
- خطأIf I would have known about the party, I would have come.صوابIf I had known about the party, I would have come.
جملة if في الشرط الثالث تأخذ التام الماضي لا would have.
- خطأBy the time we got to the theater, the movie started.صوابBy the time we got to the theater, the movie had started.
by the time تعني أن الفعل كان قد اكتمل عند تلك اللحظة، فنستخدم التام.
The surprise party
تظهر أمثلة الماضي التام مظللة في النص التالي.
When Nadia opened her apartment door on her birthday, she knew something was different. The lights were off, and someone had closed all the curtains. Then her friends jumped out and shouted, "Surprise!" Her brother Sam had planned everything. He had called her friends two weeks earlier, and he had ordered a chocolate cake from her favorite bakery. Nadia had never had a surprise party before, so she was almost speechless. Later, she asked how he had gotten into her apartment. Sam held up a key. Nadia had given their mother a spare key months before and had completely forgotten about it. By the time the last guest left, everyone had eaten far too much cake.
اختبر فهمك
اختر إجابة لكل سؤال إنجليزي؛ سيظهر تفسيرها بالعربية. تُحفظ نتيجتك في هذا المتصفح.
أسئلة شائعة
ما الماضي التام؟
had ثم التصريف الثالث: I had finished, they had gone. يبين حدوث شيء قبل حدث أو وقت ماضٍ آخر: When I arrived, the meeting had already started.
متى أختاره بدل البسيط؟
للأسبق من حدثين لتوضيح الترتيب، خاصةً إذا ذكرته ثانيًا. إذا كان الترتيب واضحًا من السياق أو before/after، فالبسيط يكفي عادةً.
ما الفرق عن المضارع التام؟
have/has + التصريف الثالث يربط الماضي بالآن: I have lost my keys. أما had + التصريف الثالث فيربط ماضيًا أقدم بلحظة ماضية لاحقة: I had lost my keys, so I couldn't get in.
كيف أستخدم by the time؟
by the time + الماضي البسيط تسمي لحظة، والجملة الرئيسية غالبًا بالتام لما اكتمل عندها: By the time we got there, the store had closed.
هل had had صحيحة؟
نعم، الأولى فعل مساعد والثانية التصريف الثالث من have: We had had a long day, so we went to bed early.