الكلام المباشر يقتبس الكلمات بعلامات اقتباس، والمنقول يصوغ المعنى في جملتك دونها. تتغير غالبًا الضمائر والزمن وكلمات مثل here/now/tomorrow.
التغييرات منطقية؛ تتكلم من وقت ومكان ووجهة نظر أخرى. إذا بقيت المعلومة صحيحة أو كان فعل النقل حاضرًا، لا تلزم تغييرات كثيرة.
تركيب الكلام المنقول
بعد said أو told أو asked يرجع زمن الجملة المنقولة عادةً خطوة إلى الماضي؛ يسمى ذلك backshift.
| النوع | التركيب | مثال بالإنجليزية |
|---|---|---|
| المضارع البسيط | المضارع البسيط → الماضي البسيط | "I live in Lima." → He said he lived in Lima. |
| المضارع المستمر | المضارع المستمر → الماضي المستمر | "We're watching a movie." → They said they were watching a movie. |
| الماضي البسيط | الماضي البسيط → الماضي التام (أو دون تغيير) | "I lost my wallet." → She said she had lost her wallet. |
| المضارع التام | المضارع التام → الماضي التام | "I've finished." → He said he had finished. |
| نقل will | will → would | "I'll call you." → She said she would call me. |
| نقل can | can → could | "I can swim." → He said he could swim. |
| نقل must | must → had to (أو must) | "You must wear a seatbelt." → She said I had to wear a seatbelt. |
| نقل be going to | am/is/are going to → was/were going to | "We're going to move." → They said they were going to move. |
- تتغير الضمائر والملكية بحسب المتحدث الجديد: I love my job → Ana said she loved her job.
- لا يتغير الماضي التام ولا could/would/should/might: I might be late → He said he might be late.
- that بعد say/tell اختيارية، خاصةً في الكلام: She said (that) she was busy.
- السؤال المنقول يأخذ if/whether لأسئلة نعم/لا أو أداة الاستفهام الأصلية، ثم ترتيب الخبر دون do/does/did أو علامة استفهام.
- الأوامر والطلبات: tell/ask + شخص + (not) to + فعل مجرد: He told me to wait. She asked us not to shout.
متى نستخدم الكلام المنقول؟
say أم tell؟
tell تحتاج شخصًا مفعولًا، عدا تعابير مثل tell the truth/story. say لا تحتاجه، وإذا ذكرته فقل say to + شخص.
- She said (that) she was hungry.
- She told me (that) she was hungry.
- What did the doctor say to you?
إرجاع الزمن
بعد فعل نقل ماضٍ يرجع الفعل عادةً خطوة، لأن الكلام الأصلي قيل في وقت أسبق.
- "I'm working late." → Sam said he was working late.
- "We've never been to Spain." → They told me they had never been to Spain.
- "I'll help you." → Mia said she would help me.
متى يكون الإرجاع اختياريًا؟
إذا كانت المعلومة ما زالت صحيحة أو مستقبلية جاز إبقاء الزمن. وبعد فعل نقل حاضر مثل says أو has said لا يتغير الزمن.
- The forecast says it will rain tomorrow. (present reporting verb)
- He told me he lives in Chicago. (he still lives there)
- Our teacher said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. (always true)
تغيير كلمات الزمان والمكان
تتغير today/tomorrow/here إذا تغير وقت أو مكان النقل؛ ويمكن إبقاؤها إن نقلت الكلام في اليوم أو المكان نفسه.
- "I'll see you tomorrow." → He said he would see me the next day.
- "I bought this bag yesterday." → She said she had bought the bag the day before.
- "We'll meet here." → They said they would meet there.
الأسئلة المنقولة
حوّلها إلى ترتيب الخبر. if/whether لأسئلة نعم/لا، وأبق أداة wh للأسئلة الأخرى. لا do/does/did ولا علامة استفهام.
- "Are you coming?" → She asked if I was coming.
- "Where do you live?" → He asked me where I lived.
- "Did you see the match?" → They asked whether I had seen the match.
الأوامر والطلبات المنقولة
tell + شخص + to + فعل للأمر، وask + شخص + to + فعل للطلب. في النفي ضع not قبل to.
- "Sit down." → The teacher told us to sit down.
- "Could you close the window, please?" → She asked me to close the window.
- "Don't touch it!" → He told the children not to touch it.
كلمات وتعبيرات مرتبطة بالقاعدة
- say
- tell
- ask
- explain
- reply
- promise
- warn
- admit
- now → then
- today → that day
- tonight → that night
- tomorrow → the next day
- yesterday → the day before
- next week → the following week
- last week → the week before
- ago → before
- here → there
- this → that
غيّر كلمات الزمان والمكان فقط إذا تغير مرجعها فعلًا. إذا قالت صديقة هذا الصباح I'll call you tomorrow، يمكنك اليوم نقلها: She said she would call me tomorrow.
أمثلة
الإثبات
- She said that she was tired.
- Tom told me he had already eaten.
- They said they would arrive at eight.
- My boss told me to take the day off.
النفي
- He said he didn't like horror movies.
- She told me she hadn't seen the email.
- They said they wouldn't be able to come.
- The doctor told me not to lift anything heavy.
الأسئلة
- She asked me if I was hungry.
- He wanted to know where I had bought my shoes.
- I asked her what time the train left.
- Did he say when he would be back?
الكلام المباشر أم الكلام المنقول؟
المباشر يكرر الكلمات بعلامات اقتباس، والمنقول يعطي المعنى من منظورك. لذلك تتحول I'm leaving إلى she was leaving، وhave finished إلى had finished. يتحول سؤال will إلى if ... would ويتغير here/tomorrow عند تغير المرجع. سؤال where يأخذ ترتيب الخبر where the station was؛ وطلب النفي يأخذ asked me not to be late.
| الكلام المباشر | الكلام المنقول |
|---|---|
| "I'm leaving," she said. | She said (that) she was leaving. |
| "We have finished the project," they told us. | They told us (that) they had finished the project. |
| "Will you be here tomorrow?" he asked me. | He asked me if I would be there the next day. |
| "Where is the station?" she asked. | She asked where the station was. |
| "Please don't be late," Mom said. | Mom asked me not to be late. |
أخطاء شائعة وسبب التصحيح
- خطأShe said me that she was busy.صوابShe told me that she was busy.
say لا يتبعها شخص مباشرةً؛ استخدم tell + شخص أو say to + شخص.
- خطأHe asked where was the station.صوابHe asked where the station was.
السؤال المنقول بترتيب الخبر: فاعل ثم فعل.
- خطأShe asked me what did I want.صوابShe asked me what I wanted.
لا تستخدم did في السؤال المنقول؛ رتّب الجملة خبرًا وأرجع الفعل: wanted.
- خطأHe asked me that I was ready.صوابHe asked me if I was ready.
انقل سؤال نعم/لا باستخدام if أو whether لا that.
- خطأThe teacher told us don't talk.صوابThe teacher told us not to talk.
الأمر المنفي يأخذ not to + الفعل المجرد، لا don't.
- خطأShe told that she would be late.صوابShe said that she would be late.
tell تحتاج شخصًا بعدها: She told me...؛ دون شخص استخدم say.
A call with Grandma
تظهر أمثلة الكلام المنقول مظللة في النص التالي.
When I called my grandmother last Sunday, she said she had some news. She told me that she had joined a dance class and that she was enjoying it more than she had expected. I asked her if it was difficult. She laughed and said that the steps were easy but the music was very fast. Then she asked me whether I wanted to come with her the next week. I told her I would think about it. She said I was too young to be so lazy! Before she hung up, she asked me to call her more often and told me not to worry about her. Honestly, I think she has a busier social life than I do.
اختبر فهمك
اختر إجابة لكل سؤال إنجليزي؛ سيظهر تفسيرها بالعربية. تُحفظ نتيجتك في هذا المتصفح.
أسئلة شائعة
ما الكلام المنقول؟
يسمى أيضًا غير المباشر؛ ينقل قول شخص دون كلماته الحرفية أو علامات اقتباس: I'm busy تصبح He said he was busy.
هل يجب تغيير الزمن دائمًا؟
لا؛ شائع بعد فعل نقل ماضٍ، لكن يمكن إبقاء الزمن إذا استمرت الحقيقة أو بقي الحدث مستقبلًا: She said she lives in Rome. وبعد says لا يتغير الزمن.
ما الفرق بين say وtell؟
tell يتبعها السامع: She told me the news. أما say فـ say something أو say something to someone: She said hello to me.
كيف أنقل سؤالًا؟
ask أو want to know، ثم if/whether لنعم/لا أو أداة الاستفهام الأصلية، وبترتيب الخبر دون do/does/did: Where do you work? → He asked where I worked.
كيف أنقل أمرًا أو طلبًا؟
tell/ask + شخص + to + فعل: She told me to wait. He asked us to help. للنفي not قبل to: They told us not to park there.