ينظر إلى نشاط خلال فترة حتى الآن؛ قد يستمر مثل I've been learning Spanish for two years، أو يكون قد توقف قريبًا وترك أثرًا: Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?
يتقارب مع التام البسيط؛ المستمر يركز على النشاط ومدته، والبسيط على النتيجة والكمية أو العدد. ولا تستخدم أفعال الحالة مثل know, own, believe عادةً في المستمر.
تركيب المضارع التام المستمر
have been مع I/you/we/they، وhas been مع he/she/it، ثم الفعل مع -ing.
| النوع | التركيب | مثال بالإنجليزية |
|---|---|---|
| الإثبات | الفاعل + have/has + been + الفعل مع -ing | I have been working all day. She has been working all day. |
| النفي | الفاعل + have/has + not + been + الفعل مع -ing | We haven't been waiting long. He hasn't been sleeping well. |
| السؤال | (أداة استفهام +) have/has + الفاعل + been + الفعل مع -ing? | Have you been crying? How long has she been studying English? |
| الإجابات القصيرة | Yes, الفاعل + have/has. / No, الفاعل + haven't/hasn't. | Yes, I have. No, she hasn't. |
- الاختصارات: I've been, you've been, we've been, they've been, he's been, she's been, it's been؛ haven't been, hasn't been.
- He's been تعني دائمًا He has been. لا تتغير been؛ فقط have/has بحسب الفاعل.
- نضيف -ing غالبًا: working؛ نحذف e الصامتة: making؛ ونضاعف الساكن بعد علة واحدة في فعل أحادي المقطع: running, sitting. أمريكيًا traveling وبريطانيًا travelling.
- أفعال الحالة know, believe, understand, own, belong تأخذ عادةً التام البسيط: I've known her since 2015، لا I've been knowing her.
متى نستخدم المضارع التام المستمر؟
مدة النشاط حتى الآن
مع for وsince وhow long لبيان استمرار النشاط حتى الآن، وهو غالبًا مستمر. ومع live وwork يصح التام البسيط بمعنى قريب جدًا.
- I've been learning the guitar for three years.
- It has been snowing since this morning.
- How long have you been waiting for the bus?
نشاط حديث ونتيجة ظاهرة
لنشاط توقف للتو أو قريبًا وما زال أثره مرئيًا أو مسموعًا أو محسوسًا؛ لا يلزم ذكر المدة.
- The ground is wet. It's been raining.
- Why are you out of breath? Have you been running?
- My hands are covered in oil because I've been fixing my bike.
تكرار وأوضاع مؤقتة
لفعل تكرر خلال الفترة الحالية أو وضع مؤقت، غالبًا مع lately/recently. وقد يدل على الانزعاج من التكرار.
- She's been going to the gym a lot lately.
- I've been staying with my cousin while I look for an apartment.
- Who's been using my laptop? The battery is dead.
أفعال الحالة تأخذ البسيط
know, believe, understand, own, belong تصف حالات؛ لمدتها استخدم التام البسيط. have حالة بمعنى الملكية، لكنه نشاط في have lunch أو have fun.
- I've known Sam since we were in high school. (not I've been knowing)
- We've had this car for twelve years. (not We've been having)
- We've been having a great time on vacation. (here have means experience, not own)
كلمات وتعبيرات مرتبطة بالقاعدة
- for
- since
- how long
- all day
- all morning
- all week
- lately
- recently
- for ages
- for a while
- just
- this week
for للمدة: for two hours, for ages؛ since للبداية: since nine o'clock, since Monday. دون وقت تصف الجملة عادةً نشاطًا حديثًا: You've been crying.
أمثلة
الإثبات
- I've been working on this report all morning.
- She has been learning Japanese since last summer.
- They've been playing video games for hours.
- It's been raining all week.
النفي
- I haven't been sleeping well lately.
- He hasn't been working here for very long.
- We haven't been waiting long, so don't worry.
- You haven't been listening to a word I've said!
الأسئلة
- How long have you been studying English?
- Have you been waiting long?
- What have you been doing all afternoon?
- Who has been eating my cookies?
المضارع التام المستمر أم المضارع التام البسيط؟
المستمر يركز على النشاط ومدته وقد لا يكون اكتمل: I've been painting the kitchen. والبسيط يركز على الإنجاز: I've painted the kitchen. writing emails all morning مدة، وwritten twenty emails عدد. how long للنشاط، وhow many pages للمقدار المنجز. مع live/work وfor/since يصح الاثنان؛ المستمر قد يوحي بالمؤقت والبسيط بالدائم.
| المضارع التام المستمر | المضارع التام البسيط |
|---|---|
| I've been painting the kitchen. (النشاط؛ قد لا يكون مكتملًا) | I've painted the kitchen. (اكتمل العمل) |
| She's been writing emails all morning. (المدة) | She's written twenty emails this morning. (العدد) |
| How long have you been reading that book? (النشاط) | How many pages have you read? (المقدار حتى الآن) |
| I've been living with my aunt since March. (قد يوحي بأنه مؤقت) | I've lived in this town all my life. (يوحي بأنه دائم) |
أخطاء شائعة وسبب التصحيح
- خطأI have been knowing her for years.صوابI have known her for years.
know فعل حالة؛ استخدم التام البسيط لا المستمر.
- خطأI am waiting here for twenty minutes.صوابI have been waiting here for twenty minutes.
النشاط الذي بدأ في الماضي ويستمر الآن يحتاج التام المستمر لا المضارع المستمر.
- خطأShe has been writing three emails this morning.صوابShe has written three emails this morning.
لعدّ الأشياء المكتملة استخدم التام البسيط.
- خطأIt has been raining since two hours.صوابIt has been raining for two hours.
for للمدة (two hours) وsince لنقطة البداية (two o'clock).
- خطأWe have been wait for the bus for ages.صوابWe have been waiting for the bus for ages.
بعد have/has been يأتي الفعل بصيغة -ing.
- خطأI've been having this phone for three years.صوابI've had this phone for three years.
have بمعنى الملكية حالة تأخذ التام البسيط؛ having للنشاط أو التجربة مثل having lunch/problems.
Training for a marathon
تظهر أمثلة المضارع التام المستمر مظللة في النص التالي.
Leila has been training for her first marathon since January. She has been running five days a week, and lately she has been getting up at six to avoid the heat. Her family has noticed the change. "You've been eating so much pasta!" her brother joked last night. It's true: she has been cooking huge dinners to give her body enough energy. Her knees have been hurting a little recently, so she has been doing special exercises every evening. Right now she is sitting on the couch with ice on her knees. "How long have you been doing this?" asks her friend Maya, who has come over for coffee. "Only four months," Leila says, "but it feels like years."
اختبر فهمك
اختر إجابة لكل سؤال إنجليزي؛ سيظهر تفسيرها بالعربية. تُحفظ نتيجتك في هذا المتصفح.
أسئلة شائعة
ما المضارع التام المستمر؟
have/has been + -ing: I have been working, she has been studying. نشاط بدأ سابقًا ويستمر أو توقف للتو وترك نتيجة الآن.
ما الفرق عن التام البسيط؟
المستمر للنشاط ومدته: I've been reading all morning؛ والبسيط للنتيجة أو المقدار: I've read three chapters.
ما الأفعال التي لا تأخذه عادةً؟
know, believe, understand, own, belong، وhave بمعنى الملكية. استخدم التام البسيط: I've known him for years.
هل أقول I have been living here أم I have lived here؟
كلاهما صحيح مع for/since. مع live/work المعنى قريب، لكن المستمر قد يبدو مؤقتًا أو حديثًا (since March)، والبسيط أدوم (all my life).
هل يُستخدم دون for أو since؟
نعم لنشاط حديث يفسر الحاضر: You look tired. Have you been working late? ويشيع مع lately وrecently: I've been reading a lot lately.